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A p膩峁環a艣膩la would either have a separate building of its own or
would be a spacious building attached to a rich man's house. In these
schools, the students sat on the floor on their own mats, while the teacher
sat on a footstool, being surrounded by his pupil. There were various
kinds of punishments which were meant for those students who either
came late or neglected their duties etc. The boys in the elementary
schools were given a number of holiday for celebrating certain important
festivals. The institutions of elementary education were patronized and
endowed by the rich and students generally enjoyed free education.
Sometimes fees were also paid to the teacher, mostly in kind. Sanskrit
language and literature formed a very important subject of study.
Generally, the curriculum in these institution included lessons k膩vya,
vy膩kara峁嘺, jyoti峁�a, ny膩ya, dar艣ana, administration, art of warfare, law,
tantra, mantra etc. A reference to the study of the vedas, the pur膩峁嘺s and
the 艣膩stras has also been made by the celebtrated hindi poet, Tulsidas AD
1532 in his R膩macaritam膩nasa, Abdul Fazil, while referring to Akbar's
interest in the reorganization of Hindu learning mentions that those who
wanted to learn Sanskrit had to study, Vy膩kara峁嘺, Ny膩ya and Vedanta.
Varanasi was the most famous centre of higher Hindu learning in North.
India. Referring to Varanasi Abdul Fazil writes, "From time immemorial it
has been the chief seat of learning in Hindustan. Crowds of people flock