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from the Guru to Sisya orally. The methods of recitation and memorizing
the text by repetition were very important.
The ancient Indian education emerged from the Vedas because the
Vedas are the sources of ancient Indian religion. No recorded history of
Indian education is traceable before the 峁歡veda. The Vedic knowledge
was directly heard from the lips of the teacher and committed to memory.
Hence it was referred as '艢ruti' or the heard. It is believed that during the
early Vedic period the division of society into four var峁嘺s was not so much
rigid as it was in the later times. Therefore, people from all var峁嘺s were
permitted to learn the Vedas. Later when the society became more and
more rigid and hierarchical the lower segment (s奴dras) were denied of the
right for Vedic education and only the br膩hma峁嘺s, k峁�atriyas and vai艣yas
held the privilege of entry into the vedic lore.
For the pupil who came from these three var峁嘺s, the home of the
preceptor served as the institution where they lived after the Upanayana or
initiation ceremony. The teacher would, in place of the father, discharge
the duties of guardian who shouldered the responsibility of his wards
maintenance. The pupil was eligible for admission to the preceptor's
house only on the basis of his moral fitness and unimpeachable conduct.
The vow of brahmacharya or celibacy was compulsory. Though a married
youth was entitled to get education, he was not admitted as a residential