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MUDRAS OF THE NAMP弄TIRI RGVEDA The mudras of the Namp奴tiri 峁歡veda are not simple representations of sound. They are used to represent the ends of words. (pada) in the word-for-word recitation (padap膩峁環a) of Rgveda. Their function is to disambiguate the text in doubtful places. For example, the continuous recitation (samhit膩p膩峁環a) R. V.3.56.1, na t膩 minanti has for its padap膩峁環a na/t膩/minanti. But the padap膩峁環a might have been na/ t膩h/minanti. A ten year old pupil learns the samhita and padap膩峁環a without knowing Sanskrit grammar and the rules of sandhi. So he is taught the appropriate mudra, which distinguishes between ta and tah. In other cases the pupil may have learned the rules of sandhi from practice, but he does not know which are the words of Sanskrit language and which are not. According to the modern historical point of view, the padap膩峁環a is an analysis of the samhit膩p膩峁環a, and the latter results from the former. According to the traditional point of view, the samhita is eternal, and the padap膩峁環a is one of its modifications (vik膩ra). Ambiguity may also be inherent in accentuation. The accents are expressed by the position of the entire hand (this parallels to some extent the position of the head, inculcated when the accents were taught for the first time). 186