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Caraka鈥擲cholars differ as to who was Caraka. It is a matter of debate among most scholars as to whether a particular person will be accepted by the word of Caraka. According to most scholars, Caraka is the name of a branch of 碍峁涐梗峁嘺 Yajurveda. And the people of this branch community are called Caraka. Therefore, any person associated with this Vedic branch is the author of the 颁补谤补办补-厂补峁僪颈迟腻. Again, some scholars have associated the word of Caraka with Bauddhac膩rik膩. Which means itinerant. The name of a branch of the Atharvaveda is 鈥榁aidyac膩ra峁嘺鈥� which is not available recently. Maybe 膧测耻谤惫别诲补 had a special relationship with it, and Caraka originated from 颁腻谤补峁嘺. There were two types of sages -decent and nomadic. The first type of sage used to build a hut and the second type of sage used to go around. This shows that Caraka was a nomadic sage who did not stay in one place.

According to another, Caraka is the incarnation of the 艢别峁�a-苍腻驳补. It is written in the manifestation that when Lord 痴颈峁ａ箛耻 incarnated as a fish, Anantadeva received 膧测耻谤惫别诲补 under the Atharvaveda. He was distressed to see the creatures of the earth afflicted by disease and appeared as the son of a sage named 峁�a岣峚峁単abett膩 to alleviate the plight of the people. He became famous as Caraka as he appeared on earth in the form of 鈥�Cara鈥�. According to many scholars, Caraka and Pata帽jali are the same people. Because both of them have written commentaries. But a closer look at their writings reveals that this judgment is not correct. The famous Buddhist poet A艣vagho峁�a was the royal poet of 碍补苍颈峁�k补. His two most famous works are Buddhacarita and Saundar膩nanda. There is a discussion about 膧测耻谤惫别诲补 in two K膩vyas. From the description of A艣vagho峁�a, it seems that he used the Caraka-厂补峁僪颈迟腻, but he did not mention Caraka鈥檚 name.

Mentioned the name of the main advisor鈥�

鈥�v膩lm墨kir膩dau ca sasarja padya峁� jagrantha yanna cyavano mahar峁�i岣� |
cikitsita峁� yacca cak膩ra n膩tri岣� pa艣c膩ttad膩treya 峁涐梗irjag膩da ||鈥�^[1]

From this, it is understood that Caraka was before A艣vagho峁�a. Judging by the interrelationship between Caraka and Su艣ruta, it can be said that the original version of Su艣ruta preceded the 颁补谤补办补-厂补峁僪颈迟腻 but the second version was after the Caraka 厂补峁僪颈迟腻. Caraka was first quoted by V膩gbha峁�峁璦. V膩gbha峁�峁璦's first work was a collection of 础峁ａ弓腻峁単补-厂补峁僩谤补丑补, following Su艣ruta and V膩gbha峁�峁璦's second work was a collection of 础峁ａ弓腻峁単补-厂补峁僩谤补丑补, following Caraka. From this, it is understood that during the time of V膩gbha峁�峁璦 (6th Century) the fame and recognition of Caraka became codified. At this time Bha峁�峁�膩ra 贬补谤颈艣肠补苍诲谤补 took the task of interpreting this book into his own hands. Before this, Mahar峁�i Caraka, as the author of the Carak 厂补峁僪颈迟腻, was not used in this sense in all works, but in another sense.

It is not possible to determine at what time Munivara Caraka appeared. However, it can be said with certainty that he was born before the advent of Vaiy膩kara峁嘺 Mahar峁�i P膩峁噄ni. Because P膩峁噄ni in his grammar book 鈥楢峁ａ弓膩dhy膩y墨鈥� -鈥�办补峁璦肠补谤补办腻濒濒耻办补鈥� has fixed a form of this formula, in 鈥�carakenaproktamadh墨yateyetecarak膩岣� |鈥� -in this place there is a 鈥�luk鈥� of the suffix 鈥�nimi鈥� after the word Caraka. Seeing this, European archaeologists speculate that Caraka here means the disciples of Caraka. If this assumption is true, then Panini appeared more than four hundred and two thousand years before the present time. That is, Mahar峁�i Caraka is ahead of them. Dr Dasgupta acknowledges Caraka as a contemporary of 碍补苍颈峁�k补. The period of Caraka (2nd BC) is supposed to be contemporary with the period of Sunga. Because this is also the time of writing P膩ta帽jala Mah膩bh膩峁�ya and Yogas奴tra. That is, we can put Caraka before this book. We find in the Caraka Samhita the source of the words which are mentioned in the Mah膩bh膩峁�ya and S膩峁卥hyak膩rik膩, which are the direct obstacles.

Sri Gurupada Haldar speaks of two Carakas -one a disciple of Vai艣amp膩yana and the other a royal physician of 碍补苍颈峁�k补. He also admitted the name of the second Caraka as Kapilbala. According to Dr C. Kunhan Raja, the word Caraka seems to be a Pahlavi language, not Sanskrit. The Caraka-Samhita was translated into the Pahlavi language in the early centuries of this period. Therefore, the period of Caraka can be called the second BC. According to the signs of social and religious conditions found in the Caraka 厂补峁僪颈迟腻, the Caraka can be placed in the line between the 艢耻峁単补k膩la or Maurya 艢耻峁単补 period^[2].

膧肠腻谤测补 顿峁涐笉丑补产补濒补 is famous as a reformer of the great book of Caraka- 厂补峁僪颈迟腻, the great book of Ayurvedic medicine. One-third of the 颁补谤补办补-厂补峁僪颈迟腻 was not available at that time. Which the 顿峁涐笉丑补产补濒补 completed by combining the Sutras based on another Tantra. In this way, he completed sixteen chapters of 颁颈办颈迟蝉腻蝉迟丑腻苍补, twelve chapters of Kalpa sth膩na and completed Siddhi sth膩na. He provided the terminology of Sanskrit. D峁涐笉havala was a resident of Kashmir. His father's name was Kapilbala. The fourth century of the Gupta period is considered to be the period of 顿峁涐笉丑补产补濒补. According to Harnell 惭腻诲丑补惫补, 顿峁涐笉丑补产补濒补 and V膩gbha峁�峁璦 II appeared between the seventh and ninth centuries^[3].

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

(BC鈥�1/43); Buddhacarita峁� Canto鈥揑 by A艣vagho峁�a, trans. Jayashree Chattopadhyay, Kolkata, Sanskrit Pustaka Bhandara, 2007, p. 31.

[2]:

Kaviraj Vagishwar Shukla, History of Ayurveda, Varanasi, Chaukhamba Amarabharati Prakashan, 2016, pp. 44-47.

[3]:

Anup Kumar Gakkhara & Anil Gakkhara, 膧测耻谤惫别诲补 K膩 滨迟颈丑腻蝉补, Varanasi, Chaukhambha Publishers, 2016, pp. 109-111.