Architectural data in the Puranas
by Sharda Devi | 2005 | 50,074 words
This essay studies ancient Indian architectural science as found in technical treatises and the Puranas, with special reference to the Matsya, Garuda, Agni and Bhavishya Puranas. These texts detail ancient architectural practices, covering temple and domestic designs, dimensional specifications, and construction rules. The study further connects ar...
Notes and References for chapter 3
1. 2. 3. Kautilya's Arthasastra, book II, chap. III, p. 50. Prabhakar V. Begde, Forts and Palaces of India, New Delhi, 1982, p. 3. Macdonell and Keith, Vedic Index of Names and Subjects, pura, pp. 538-39 and grama, pp. 244-45. 4. V.R. Ramachandra Dikshitar, War in Ancient India, Madras, 1944, p. 250. Manusmriti, 7. 74. 5. 6. Ibid.
166 7. The Rajaniti-Ratnakara of Chandesvara, ch. VI, cited in P.V. Bedge, Forts and Palaces of India, New Delhi, 1982, p. 7. 8. Ramayana, Adikanda, 5th sarga. Ramayana, Lamkakanda, 3rd sarga. 9. 10. Skanda Purana, IV. II. 76. 20. 11. Ibid., IV. II. 76. 21. 12. 13. 14. 15. Arthasastra, op. cit., book II, chap. IV, p. 53. Ibid., chap. I. p. 45. The other six Dhanurvedas are 1. Vasista Dhanurveda, 2. Visvamitra Dhanurveda, 3. Bhardwaj Dhanurveda, 4. Jamadagni Dhanurveda, 5. Vaisampayana Dhanurveda, 6. Sharangadhara Dhanurveda. From Rajadharmakaustubha of Anantadeva, chap. 14, cited in P.V. Bedge, op. cit., p. 5. 16. Manusmrti, 7. 70. 17. Ibid. 7.71.72. 18. Vide Rajadharmakaustubha of Anatadeva, ch. 14, cited in P.V. Bedge, op. cit., p. 7. 19. Ramayana, VI. 3. 20. The Mahabharata , Rajadharma I, chap. 86. 21. Ibid., chap. 56. 22. This division of the natural forts may be compared with that made in the Manusam hita, the Puranas and the later works on architecture.
167 The Description in the DBP however. is the one most closely related to the Arthasastra. 23. Arthasastra, VIII, chap. 10. 24. Brihat Samhita of Varahamihira, chap. 54. 25. Matsya Purana, chap. 217. 7: sarvesameva, durganam, giridurgam, prasasyate. Agni Purana, chap. 222, 1-6. 26. 27. DBP, chap. 72. Main Category 1. Audaka (Water fort) Subdivision a. Antardvipa b. Sthala 2. Parvata (Mountain fort) 3. Dhanvan (Desert fort) a. Guha b. Prantar a. Nirudakastambha b. Irina 4. Vana (Forest fort) a. Khanjana b. Stambagahan 28. The VP, chap. 8. 98. 29. Ibid., 8. III. 30. D.N. Shukla, Vastusastra: Hindu Science of Architecture. vol. 1, pp. 286-87.
168 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. Yuktikalpataru of Bhoja, ed. by Isvarachandra. Sastri, Calcutta, 1917. P.K. Acharya, Indian Architecture of Manasara Silpasastra, p. 40. Visvakarma Vastusastra, chap. 10. Sukranitisara, chap. 6. Ibid., II, 237-57. Sivatatava Ratnakara, Kollola 5, Taranga 6, cited in P.V. Bedge, op. cit., p. 23. B.B. Dutta, Town-Planning in Ancient India, Calcutta, 1925 37. 38. Macdonell and Keith, op. cit., pura. pp. 538-39. 39. AD, II, f. 10, 26.5. 40. From the Rajaniti Ratnakara of Chandesvara ch. VI, cited in P.V. Bedge, op. cit., p. 24. 41. Brhaspatismrti, 28-37. 42. Manusmriti, 7.75.6. 43. Arthasastra, chap. III, p. 50. 44. Matsya Purana, chap. 217, p. 226. 45. Agni Purana, chap. 222, p. 794. 46. Arthasastra, chap. I. 47. Ibid. 48. Ibid. 49. Ibid. 50. Matsya Purana, chap. 217. p. 227-29.
51. Ibid., 9-34. 52 Agni Purana, chap. 241 51,28. 53 Ibid., chap 106 p. 429. 54. Ibid., p. 429-30. 55. 169 Ibid., p. 431: the Mayamata, chap. 10, p. 40, states that the people of all classes should live in the town and they should run their own business. Samarangana Sutradhara, chap 10. 79; cf. Agni Purana, chap. 106, p. 429. 56. 57. Ibid., chap 10. 90;Agni Purana, chap. 106, p. 430. 58. Ibid., chap 10, 91-2, 100. 59. Ibid., 10-11 60. Agni Purana, chap. 106, p. 430. 61. Samarangana Sutradhara, chap. 10. 102. 62. Arthasastra, book II, chap. III, pp. 50-51. 63. Ibid. 64. Samarangana Sutradhara, chap 10. 17. 65. Aparajitapriccha , chap. 72, 51-3. 66. Ibid., chap. 85, 34. 67. Travancore Archaeological Series, vol 1 no. 7, p. 152; Travancore Archaeological Series, vol. III, pt I, p. 56. 68. APR SC, 1981, p. 2. 69. ASI, AR, 1924-5, p. p. 88. 70. Arthasastra, book II, chap. IV, p. 53. 71. Mahabharata , Rajadharma I, chap. 69.
72. 73. Arthasastra, book II, chap. III, pp. 51-2. Matsya Purana, chap. 217, p. 226. 74. Ibid., pp. 226-27. 75. DBP, chap. 72. 76. Ibid. 77. 78. 79. BVP, chap. 103. Arthasastra, book II, chap. III, p. 50. Samarangana Sutradhara, chap 10, 1-2. 80. Samarangana Sutradhara, chap. 10, 46; Aparajitapriccha , chap. 72, 51-3. 81. Aparajitapriccha , chap. 70, 21-3. 83. 84. 85. 82. Arthasastra, II, chap. IV. p. 53 Matsya Purana, chap. 217, pp. 226-27. Arthasastra, II, chap. IV, p. 53. Sukranitisara, chap. II. 86. Matsya Purana, chap. 217, 29-87. 87. Agni Purana, chap. 222, 7-9. 88. Arthasastra, II, chap. III, p. 51. 89. Matsya Purana, chap. 217, 12-13. 90. Mayamata, chap. 10. 91. DBP, chap. 72. 92. Samarangana Sutradhara, chap. 10. 93. V.R. Ramachandra Dikshitar, op. cit., p. 250. 94. Manusmrti, 7/70-71. 170
95. Cullavagga, V.11.6. 96. Arthasastra, II, chap. III, p. 52. 97. Matsya Purana, chap. 254, 41-42. 98. DBP, chap. 72. 99. Agni Purana, chap. 222. 100. Mayamata, chap. 15, pp. 75-80. 101. Samarangana Sutradhara, chap. 10. 102. P.V. Bedge, Forts and Palaces of India, New Delhi, 1982, p. 25. 103. IAR, 1976-7, pp. 40-2. 104. Travancore Archaeological Series, vol. III, pt. 1, p. 56. 105. APR SC, 1920-1, p. 22. 106. ASI AR, 1908-9, p. 119. 107. El, vol. I, pp. 157-9. 108. Travancore Archaeological Series, vol. II, p. 77. 17]