Amarakoshodghatana of Kshirasvamin (study)
by A. Yamuna Devi | 2012 | 77,297 words | ISBN-13: 9788193658048
This page relates 鈥楩auna (5): Domesticated Animals (b): Horse (Ashva)鈥� of the study on the Amarakoshodghatana of Kshirasvamin (in English) which represents a commentary on the Amarakosha of Amarasimha. These ancient texts belong the Kosha or 鈥渓exicography鈥� category of Sanskrit literature which deals with the analysis and meaning of technical words from a variety of subjects, such as cosmology, anatomy, medicine, hygiene. The Amarakosa itself is one of the earliest of such text, dating from the 6th century A.D., while the Amarakoshodghatana is the earliest known commentary on that work.
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Fauna (5): Domesticated Animals (b): Horse (A艣va)
笔补办峁峁嘺岣� (III. 3. 107; p. 295)鈥�
础尘补谤补办辞艣补 mentions that the horses and the birds are denoted as 辫补办峁峁嘺岣�[1]. 碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 elaborates that in earlier days the horses also were with wings and hence the term.
The modern evolution theory also remarks that all the animals existed with wings in the days of yore and later shed their wings鈥�
v膩j膩岣� pak峁Ｄ佱弗 santyasya 惫腻箩墨 |
腻艣惫腻岣� 辫奴谤惫补峁� sapak峁Ｄ� 膩bhavan |
Gati (II. 8. 49-50; p. 186)[2]
[Gaits of a horse:]
础尘补谤补办辞艣补 names the five paces[3] of a horse as 腻蝉办补苍诲颈迟补尘, dhauritakam, recitam valgitam and plutam. 碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 explains only three of them 苍补尘别濒测腻蝉办补苍诲补苍补 as the fastest pace of the horse probably referring to the gallop and gives utterita as its equivalent. dhauritakam is 诲丑辞谤补峁嘺 which is expalined as the charming gait probably the trot or medium phase and lastly he mentions uttejita as synonymous to recita.
The other two could be the other movements of leaping, scaling heights etc part of the dressage that one witnesses today during the parade in National festivals.
膩艣v膩n膩峁� 诲丑腻谤腻khy膩 im膩岣� 辫补帽肠补 gataya岣� dh膩ryate gatau sthapyate'苍补测腻 诲丑腻谤腻 bhid膩ditv膩ts膩dhu岣� 峁dbhid膩dibhyo峁� (P膩. III. 3.104) |
膩skandanam腻蝉办补苍诲颈迟补峁� utterit膩khyo'tivega岣� |
诲丑辞谤补峁嘺峁� dhorita峁� dhor峁� gatic膩turye |
recitamuttejit膩khyam |
Further he states that the order given by 础尘补谤补办辞艣补 is different from the general order mentioned in an unknown source鈥�
kramastvanyath膩 yad膩hu岣モ��
dhorita峁� valgita峁� 诲丑腻谤腻 plutamuttejita峁� kram膩t |
耻迟迟别谤颈迟补峁� ceti 辫补帽肠补艣ik峁yetturaga峁� gatam ||
The difference in the order is given below.
| 础尘补谤补办辞艣补 | unknown source |
| 腻蝉办补苍诲颈迟补尘 | dhoritam |
| dhauritam | valgitam |
| recitam | plutam |
| valgitam | uttejitam / recitam |
| plutam | utteritam / 腻蝉办补苍诲颈迟补尘 |
Here it can be observed that dhauritam and dhoritam are variant readings. As mentioned by 碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 腻蝉办补苍诲颈迟补尘 and utteritam might be synonymous so also are uttejita and recita. The text also mentions that the horses have to be trained in all these five paces.
The various paces of a horse as explained from the unknown source quoted by 碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 are as follows-
1. Dhoritam is mere walk which may be a trot of the horse.
2. Valgitam is to spring/ leap a distance of a yojana.
3. Plutam is extending the anterior body with face down and the three bends of the various parts of the body caused by leaping;
4. Uttejitam is the movement of the horse in a medium speed;
5. Utteritam is said to be the fastest pace where it is said that one does not see or hear, the velocity of speed:
dhorita峁� gatim膩tre yad测辞箩补苍补峁� valgita峁� 辫耻谤补岣� |
膩grak膩yasamull膩s膩t ku帽cit膩sya峁� natatrikam ||
辫耻谤惫腻辫补谤辞苍苍补尘补苍补迟补岣� kram膩d膩ropa峁嘺峁� plutam |
uttejita峁� madhyavega峁� 测辞箩补苍补峁� 艣lathavalgay膩 ||
utteriteti veg膩ndho na 艣峁涐箛oti na pa艣yati ||
In this context it is interesting to read the different explanations given by 痴颈惫峁泃颈 and 笔腻谤颈箩腻迟补 commentators.[4]
Footnotes and references:
[1]:
v膩jino'艣ve峁 -辫补办峁峁嘺岣� |
[2]:
腻蝉办补苍诲颈迟补峁� 诲丑补耻谤颈迟补办补峁� 谤别肠颈迟补峁� valgita峁� plutam gatayo'm奴岣� 辫补帽肠补 诲丑腻谤腻 |
[3]:
Similarly, ' The New Encyclopedia' of Funk and Whales (INC, New York, ND) explains the paces as follows鈥�
Gallop鈥揾orse's or other quadraped's fastest pace with all fleet off ground together in each stride.
Canter鈥揺asy gallop, Spring鈥搄ump, move rapidly or suddenly,
Trot鈥損roceed at steady pace faster than walk, lifting each diagonal pair of legs alternately, often with brief intervals during which body is resupported.
[4]:
础尘补谤补办辞艣补, ed. ALRC, Vol. I, pp. 513-14:
膧skanditam鈥擜ccording to 痴颈惫峁泃颈, 腻蝉办补苍诲颈迟补尘 is the admirable gait of the horse while the same according to 笔腻谤颈箩腻迟补 is a spring of an angry horse with all its feet off the ground:
惫颈惫峁泃颈鈥�
腻蝉办补苍诲补迟颈 肠补迟耻谤补峁� 驳补肠肠丑补迟墨迟颈 腻蝉办补苍诲颈迟补尘 |
skandir gati艣o峁峁嘺yo岣� |
辫腻谤颈箩腻迟补鈥�
kop膩t sarvapadairutplutyotplutya gamanam腻蝉办补苍诲颈迟补尘 |
顿丑辞谤补峁嘺尘鈥敵站北贯箾t颈 explains this 诲丑辞谤补峁嘺m pace to be a gallop while according to 笔腻谤颈箩腻迟补 it is the leap or jump or a gait similar to those of a heron, peacock, hog or a mangoose.
惫颈惫峁泃颈鈥�
诲丑辞谤补峁嘺m 膩tivegena 诲丑腻惫补苍补峁� dhoritakam |
dhor峁� gatic膩turye |
辫腻谤颈箩腻迟补鈥�
办补峁卥补艣颈办丑颈办谤辞岣峚苍补办耻濒补驳补迟补颈岣� 蝉补诲峁浥沘峁� dhaurita峁� |