Vakyapadiya of Bhartrihari
by K. A. Subramania Iyer | 1965 | 391,768 words
The English translation of the Vakyapadiya by Bhartrihari including commentary extracts and notes. The Vakyapadiya is an ancient Sanskrit text dealing with the philosophy of language. Bhartrhari authored this book in three parts and propounds his theory of Sphotavada (sphota-vada) which understands language as consisting of bursts of sounds conveyi...
This book contains Sanskrit text which you should never take for granted as transcription mistakes are always possible. Always confer with the final source and/or manuscript.
Verse 3.9.38
Sanskrit text, Unicode transliteration and English translation of verse 3.9.38:
啶啶む 啶啷嵿啶掂た啶оじ啷嵿い啶む啶� 啶さ啶苦し啷嵿く啶傕ざ啷嵿 啶氞い啷佮ぐ啷嵿さ啶苦ぇ啶� 啷�
啶掂ぐ啷嵿い啶ぞ啶ㄠ 啶︵啶掂た啶оぞ啶栢啶ぞ啶� 啶囙い啷嵿く啷囙啶距う啶� 啶曕げ啷嵿お啶ㄠぞ啶� 啷� 啷┼ギ 啷�bh奴ta岣� pa帽javidhastatra bhavi峁a峁兣沜a caturvidha岣� |
vartam膩no dvidh膩khy膩ta ityek膩da艣a kalpan膩岣� || 38 ||38. The past is of five kinds, the future of four kinds and the present of two kinds. Thus there are eleven varieties.
Commentary
[Past in general, adyatana = immediate (lit. 鈥榦f today鈥�), anadyatana = not immediate, including 辫补谤辞办峁 = distant, adyatan膩nadyatanasamud膩ya = combination of the two previous ones and secondary (驳补耻峁嘺) past, that is, future treated as past鈥攖hese make up the five kinds of past. Future in general, adyatana = immediate future, anadyatana = not immediate future and adyatan膩nadyatanasamud膩ya = combination of the two previous kinds, these make up the four kinds of future. Primary present, and secondary present (that is, past and future treated as present, these are the two kinds of present. These divisions of time have been mentioned only to explain the tense distinctions mentioned in the Science of grammar.]
How can action which is past give Time its name?