Vakyapadiya of Bhartrihari
by K. A. Subramania Iyer | 1965 | 391,768 words
The English translation of the Vakyapadiya by Bhartrihari including commentary extracts and notes. The Vakyapadiya is an ancient Sanskrit text dealing with the philosophy of language. Bhartrhari authored this book in three parts and propounds his theory of Sphotavada (sphota-vada) which understands language as consisting of bursts of sounds conveyi...
This book contains Sanskrit text which you should never take for granted as transcription mistakes are always possible. Always confer with the final source and/or manuscript.
Verse 3.7.89
Sanskrit text, Unicode transliteration and English translation of verse 3.7.89:
啶啶︵ぞ 啶� 啶忇い啷� 啶氞い啷嵿さ啶距ぐ啶� 啶膏ぞ啶ぞ啶ㄠ啶啶� 啶啶班う啶班啶多た啶むぞ啶� 啷�
啶む 啶ㄠた啶た啶む啶むぞ啶︵た啶啶︵啶� 啶た啶︵啶え啷嵿い啷� 啶す啷佮ぇ啶� 啶啶ㄠ 啷� 啷ク 啷�bhed膩 ya ete catv膩ra岣� s膩m膩nyena pradar艣it膩岣� |
te nimitt膩dibhedena bhidyante bahudh膩 puna岣� || 89 ||89. The four kinds (of objectless actions) which have been shown in a general way have many variations because of difference in circumstances etc.
Commentary
It is now stated that, in addition to the four ways mentioned in the previous stanza, there are other ways in which a verb becomes intransitive.
[Read verse 89 above]
[The four ways in which a root becomes intransitive can have many variations because of difference in circumstance, place, time etc. The verb carati = 鈥榟e goes鈥�, is ordinarily transitive, The preposition ut, when added to it, makes it intransitive. Tapati = 鈥�burns鈥�, is transitive, but uttapate = 鈥榟e shines鈥� is intransitive. In y膩vad bhuktam upati峁ａ弓hate = 鈥榟e is present whenever it is meal time, the root 蝉迟丑腻 has become intransitive, though with the preposition upa, it is usually transitive. In 苍补诲墨 vahati, the verb is intransitive because of the nature of the agent, the river. When something becomes 办补谤尘补办补谤迟腻, the root has only half its original meaning and so becomes intransitive: pacyata odana岣� svayam eva = 鈥榯he rice cooks by itself鈥�. Similarly when the object is included in the meaning of the root, there are various possibilities. In 箩墨惫补迟颈, due to the nature of the action, an object is included in it. In 辫耻迟谤墨测补迟颈 ch膩tram = 鈥榟e treats his pupil as a son鈥�, it is only at the time of grammatical analysis that the son appears as the object and as the standard of comparison and it is included in the meaning of the verb 辫耻迟谤墨测补迟颈.]
The topic of 鈥榦bject鈥� has now come to an end.
The author now takes up the treatment of the accessory called instrument (办补谤补峁嘺).