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Sanskrit text, Unicode transliteration and English translation by Ganganath Jha:

啶膏�嵿い啷嵿ぐ啷�啶粪�嵿さ啶ㄠえ啷嵿い啶班�溹ぞ啶むぞ啶膏�� 啶︵�嵿さ啶苦�溹�堗ぐ啷佮い啷嵿お啶距う啶苦い啶距え啷� 啶膏�佮い啶距え啷� 啷�
啶膏う啷冟ざ啶距え啷囙さ 啶むぞ啶ㄠぞ啶灌�佮ぐ啷嵿ぎ啶距い啷冟う啷嬥し啶掂た啶椸ぐ啷嵿す啶苦い啶距え啷� 啷� 啷� 啷�

str墨峁�vanantaraj膩t膩su dvijairutp膩dit膩n sut膩n |
sad峁浥浤乶eva t膩n膩hurm膩t峁沝o峁�avigarhit膩n || 6 ||

The sons begotten by twice-born men on wives of the next lower castes, they declare to be equal, tainted as they are by the defect of their mothers.鈥�(6)

 

Medh膩tithi鈥檚 commentary (manubh膩峁�ya):

Sons begotten,鈥�in the natural order鈥�on wives of the next lower caste鈥欌赌�i.e., the caste immediately lower鈥攁re to be regarded as 鈥�equal,鈥欌赌攏ot of the same caste. That is the son of a Br膩hma峁嘺 father from a 碍峁�a迟谤颈测补 mother, or of a 碍峁�a迟谤颈测补 father from a 痴补颈艣测补 mother, is 鈥榚qual鈥� to the father, and not the very same.

And the reason for this is that they are 鈥�tainted with the defect of their mother.鈥�

This declaration of 鈥榚quality鈥� implies that the sons are superior to the mother, but inferior to the father.

鈥�By twice-born men.鈥欌赌擳he use of the plural number and the fact that the caste is determined with reference to the mothers, indicates that this is possible only in the case of marriages 鈥榠n the natural order.鈥� For in the case of marriages 鈥榦f the inverse order,鈥� the caste would be determined with reference to the father, who is of a lower caste than the mother. It is for this reason that the preceding verse has added the phrase 鈥榠n the natural order.鈥� What we said in the Bh膩峁�ya on the preceding verse, that this phrase had been added 鈥榳ith a view to what follows,鈥� did not refer to this, but to the forthcoming verses.鈥�(6)

 

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha

This verse is quoted in 笔补谤腻艣补谤补尘腻诲丑补惫补 (膧c膩ra, p. 512), which explains the meaning to be that the child born to a Br膩hma峁嘺 from a legally married 碍峁�a迟谤颈测补 wife, is 鈥�like the Br膩hma峁嘺鈥�, not quite a Br膩hma峁嘺,鈥攊ts inferiority being due to the inferior caste of the mother.

 

Comparative notes by various authors

(verses 10.6-41)

础谤迟丑补艣腻蝉迟谤补 (pp. 42-45).鈥斺�楽ons born to the Br膩hma峁嘺, 碍峁�a迟谤颈测补 and 痴补颈艣测补 fathers from wives of the next lower caste are of the same caste as their fathers;鈥攖丑别 son born to the Br膩hma峁嘺 from a 痴补颈艣测补 wife is the 础尘产补峁ａ弓丑补; on 艢奴诲谤补 wife, the 狈颈峁Ｄ乨补 or the 笔腻谤补艣补惫补; to the 碍峁�a迟谤颈测补 from a 痴补颈艣测补 wife, the Ugra; that born to a 痴补颈艣测补 from a 艢奴诲谤补 wife is the 艢奴诲谤补. Sons born to these (Br膩hma峁嘺, 碍峁�a迟谤颈测补 and 痴补颈艣测补) from wives of the same caste as themselves, hut married before Upanayana, are 痴谤腻迟测补蝉. These are sons born in the regular mixtures. From the 艢奴诲谤补 father, on wives of the Br膩hma峁嘺, 碍峁�a迟谤颈测补 and 痴补颈艣测补 castes are born the 颁补峁囜笉腻濒补, the 碍峁�a迟迟峁� and the 膧测辞驳补惫补 respectively; from the 痴补颈艣测补 father, on wives of the Brh膩ma峁嘺 and 碍峁�a迟谤颈测补 castes, the Vaidehaka and the 惭腻驳补诲丑补 respectively;鈥攆rom the 碍峁�a迟谤颈测补 father, on a wife of the Br膩hma峁嘺 caste, the 厂奴迟补. These are the sons born of the irregular mixtures. From Ugra father and 狈颈峁Ｄ乨补 mother is born the 碍耻办办耻峁璦办补; from 狈颈峁Ｄ乨补 father and Ugra mother, the Pulkasa; from 础尘产补峁ａ弓丑补 father and Vaidehika mother is born the 痴补颈峁嘺; from Vaidehika father and 础尘产补峁ａ弓丑补 mother is born the 碍耻艣墨濒补惫补; from 碍峁�a迟迟峁� mother and Ugra father, is born 艢惫补辫腻办补; by profession, the 痴补颈峁嘺 is the chariot-maker. All these, with the exception of the 颁补峁囜笉腻濒补, have the same duties as the 艢奴诲谤补.鈥�

叠补耻诲丑腻测补苍补 (1.16.7-12, 16; 1.17.7, 8, 11-14).鈥斺�楽ons born of wives of the second or third lower castes are 础尘产补峁ａ弓丑补s, Ugras and 狈颈峁Ｄ乨补s. Of females wedded in the inverse order are born 膧测辞驳补惫补s, 惭腻驳补诲丑补s, 痴补颈峁嘺s, 碍峁�a迟迟峁泂, Pulkasas, 碍耻办办耻峁璦蝉, Vaidehakas and 颁补峁囜笉腻濒补s. An 础尘产补峁ａ弓丑补 begets on a woman of the first caste, a 艢惫补辫腻办补; an Ugra on a woman of the second caste, a 痴补颈峁嘺; a 狈颈峁Ｄ乨补 on a woman of the third caste, a Pulkasa; in the contrary case, a 碍耻办办耻峁璦办补 is produced. I may quote the following鈥斺�淭hose sons whom an uninitiated man begets, the wise call 痴谤腻峁瓂补蝉, who are excluded from the 艢腻惫颈迟谤墨.鈥� A Br膩hmana begets on a woman of the Ksatriya caste, a Br膩hma峁嘺; on a woman of the 痴补颈艣测补 caste, an 础尘产补峁ａ弓丑补; on a woman of the 艢奴诲谤补 caste, a 狈颈峁Ｄ乨补,鈥攁ccording to some, a 笔腻谤补艣补惫补. A 碍峁�a迟谤颈测补 begets on a female of the 痴补颈艣测补 caste, a 碍峁�a迟谤颈测补; on a female of the 艢奴诲谤补 caste, an Ugra. A 痴补颈艣测补 begets on a female of the 艢奴诲谤补 caste, a 搁补迟丑补办腻谤补. A 艢奴诲谤补 begets on a female of the 痴补颈艣测补 caste, a Magadha; on a female of the 碍峁�a迟谤颈测补 caste, a 碍峁�a迟迟峁�; but on a female of the Br膩hma峁嘺 caste, a 颁补峁囜笉腻濒补. A 痴补颈艣测补 begets on a female of the 碍峁�a迟谤颈测补 caste, an 膧测辞驳补惫补; on a female of the Br膩hma峁嘺 caste, a 厂奴迟补. If among these a n 础尘产补峁ａ弓丑补 male and an Ugra female unite, their son shall be born in the regular order; if a 碍峁�a迟迟峁� male and a Vaidehaka female unite the son born shall be in the inverse order. An Ugra begets on a female of the 碍峁�a迟迟峁� caste, a 艢惫补辫腻办补; a Vaidehaka on a female of the 础尘产补峁ａ弓丑补 caste, a 痴补颈峁嘺; a 狈颈峁Ｄ乨补 on a female of the 艢奴诲谤补 caste, a Pulkasa; a 艢奴诲谤补 on a woman of the 狈颈峁Ｄ乨补 caste, a 碍耻办办耻峁璦办补.鈥擳he wise declare that those sprung from an intermixture of castes are 痴谤腻迟测补蝉.鈥�

膧辫补蝉迟补尘产补 (2.13.1-5).鈥斺�業f a man approaches a woman who had been married to another man, or was not legally married to himself, they both commit sin;鈥攖hrough their sin, their son also becomes sinful.鈥�

Gautama (4.16, 21).鈥斺�楥hildren born in the regular order of wives of the next second or third lower castes are of the same caste as the father, and these are 础尘产补峁ａ弓丑补s, Ugras, 狈颈峁Ｄ乨补s and 顿补耻艣测补苍迟补蝉 or 笔腻谤补艣补惫补s.鈥擟hildren born in the inverse order of wives of higher castes, are 厂奴迟补s, 惭腻驳补诲丑补s, 膧测辞驳补惫补s, 碍峁�a迟迟峁泂, Vaidehakas and 颁补峁囜笉腻濒补s. Some declare that a woman of the Br膩hma峁嘺 caste bears respectively to the husband of the four castes, sons who are Br膩hma峁嘺s, 厂奴迟补s, 惭腻驳补诲丑补s and 颁补峁囜笉腻濒补s; and that a woman of the 碍峁�a迟谤颈测补 caste bears to the same, 惭奴谤诲丑腻产丑颈峁�i办迟补蝉, 碍峁�a迟谤颈测补s, 顿丑墨惫补谤补蝉, Pulkasas;鈥攁 woman of the 痴补颈艣测补 caste to the same, 叠丑峁沯测补办补峁囜弓丑补蝉, 惭腻丑颈峁�y补蝉, 痴补颈艣测补s, and Vaidehas;鈥攁苍d a woman of the 艢奴诲谤补 caste, to the same, 笔腻谤补艣补惫补s, Yavanas, Karanas and 艢奴诲谤补s.鈥�

痴补艣颈峁ａ弓丑补 (18.19).鈥斺�楾hey declare that the offspring of a 艢奴诲谤补 father and Br膩hma峁嘺 mother is 颁补峁囜笉腻濒补,鈥攖hat of 艢奴诲谤补 father and 碍峁�a迟谤颈测补 mother, the 痴补颈峁嘺,鈥攖hat of 艢奴诲谤补 father and Vaisya mother, the 础苍濒测腻惫补蝉腻测颈苍;鈥攖丑别y declare that the son of a Vaisya father and Br膩hma峁嘺 mother is the 搁腻尘补办补; that of Vaisya father and 碍峁�a迟谤颈测补 mother, the Pulkasa; that of 碍峁�a迟谤颈测补 father and Br膩hma峁嘺 mother is the 厂奴迟补. They quote the following鈥斺�淥ne may know by their deeds those who have been begotten secretly, and to whom the stigma of springing from unions in the inverse order of the castes attaches; because they are destitute of virtue and good conduct.鈥濃�擟hildren begotten by Br膩hma峁嘺s, 碍峁�a迟谤颈测补s and Vaisyas on females of the next lower, second lower and third lower castes become respectively, the 础尘产补峁ａ弓丑补, the Ugra and the 狈颈峁Ｄ乨补.鈥擳he son of a Br膩hma峁嘺 father and 艢奴诲谤补 mother is the 笔腻谤补艣补惫补.

驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 (1.91-95).鈥斺�楩rom Br膩hma峁嘺 father and 碍峁�a迟谤颈测补 mother is born the 惭奴谤诲丑腻产丑颈峁�i办迟补; from Br膩hma峁嘺 father and 痴补颈艣测补 mother, the 础尘产补峁ａ弓丑补; and from Br膩hma峁嘺 father and 艢奴诲谤补 mother, the 狈颈峁Ｄ乨补 or 笔腻谤补艣补惫补.鈥擣谤辞尘 碍峁�a迟谤颈测补 father and 痴补颈艣测补 or 艢奴诲谤补 mother is born the 惭腻丑颈峁�y补 or the Ugra respectively. From 痴补颈艣测补 father and 艢奴诲谤补 mother, the 碍补谤补峁嘺. Such is the law regarding children of married wives.鈥擣谤辞尘 碍峁�a迟谤颈测补 father and Br膩hma峁嘺 mother is born the 厂奴迟补; from 痴补颈艣测补 father and Br膩hma峁嘺 mother, the Vaidehaka; from 艢奴诲谤补 father and Br膩hma峁嘺 mother is born the 颁补峁囜笉腻濒补, who is outside the pale of all righteousness.鈥擣谤辞尘 痴补颈艣测补 father and 碍峁�a迟谤颈测补 mother is born the 惭腻驳补诲丑补; from 艢奴诲谤补 father and K峁�atriy a mother, the 碍峁�a迟迟峁�; from 艢奴诲谤补 father and 痴补颈艣测补 mother, the 膧测辞驳补惫补.鈥擣谤辞尘 惭腻丑颈峁�y补 father and 碍补谤补峁嘺 mother is born the 搁补迟丑补办腻谤补. The sons born in the inverse order of castes are declared to he bad and those in the regular order, good.鈥�

痴颈峁ａ箛耻 (16.4.-7, 17).鈥斺�楾he son of a 艢奴诲谤补 from a 痴补颈艣测补 woman is called 膧测辞驳补惫补;鈥攖丑别 Pulkasa and 惭腻驳补诲丑补 are sons of a 痴补颈艣测补 and 艢奴诲谤补 respectively from a 碍峁�a迟谤颈测补 woman.鈥擳he 颁补峁囜笉腻濒补, Vaidehaka and 厂奴迟补 are the sons of a 艢奴诲谤补, 痴补颈艣测补 and 碍峁�a迟谤颈测补 respectively, from a Br膩hma峁嘺 woman.鈥擝esides these there are innumerable other castes produced by further intermixture among those that have been just mentioned.... All members of mixed castes, whether their descent has been kept secret or is generally known, may be found out by their deeds.鈥�

惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 (13.48.14-28, 49).鈥�(On lines similar to Manu.)

狈腻谤补诲补 (12.103-113).鈥斺�楾here are Anantara, 贰办腻苍迟补谤补 and Dvyantara sons, both in the direct and inverse order of the castes. Of this description are the Ugra, 笔腻谤补艣补惫补, and 狈颈峁Ｄ乨补, who are begotten in the direct order; as well as 础尘产补峁ａ弓丑补, 惭腻驳补诲丑补 and 碍峁�a迟迟峁�, who spring from a 碍峁�a迟谤颈测补 woman. One of these latter is begotten in the direct order; of the two others, it must be known that they are begotten in an inverse order. The 碍峁�a迟迟峁� and the rest are begotten in an inverse order; the three mentioned first, in the direct, order. The son of a Br膩hma峁嘺 father and Br膩hma峁嘺 mother is equal in caste to the father. The son of a Br膩hma峁嘺 from a 碍峁�a迟谤颈测补 woman is an Anantara;鈥攁苍 础尘产补峁ａ弓丑补 and an Ugra are begotten in the same way by 碍峁�a迟谤颈测补 men and on 痴补颈艣测补 women respectively. An 础尘产补峁ａ弓丑补 is an 贰办腻苍迟补谤补, the son of a Br膩hma峁嘺 father from a 痴补颈艣测补 woman. The son called 狈颈峁Ｄ乨补 springs from the union of a 碍峁�a迟谤颈测补 with a 艢奴诲谤补 woman. A 艢奴诲谤补 woman obtains from a Br膩hma峁嘺 a son called 笔腻谤补艣补惫补, who is superior to the 狈颈峁Ｄ乨补. The 厂奴迟补, the 惭腻驳补诲丑补, the 膧测辞驳补惫补, the 碍峁�a迟迟峁� and the Vaidehaka are begotten in the inverse order of castes. The 厂奴迟补 is an Anantara begotten by a 碍峁�a迟谤颈测补 on a Br膩hma峁嘺 woman. Similarly the 惭腻驳补诲丑补 and 膧测辞驳补惫补 are respectively the sons of 痴补颈艣测补 and 艢奴诲谤补 fathers from a Br膩hma峁嘺 mother. A Br膩hma峁嘺 woman obtains from a 痴补颈艣测补 father an 贰办腻苍迟补谤补 son, called the Vaidehaka. A 碍峁�a迟谤颈测补 woman obtains from a 艢奴诲谤补, an 贰办腻苍迟补谤补 son, called the 碍峁�a迟迟峁�. A Dvyantara son in the inverse order, the most abject of men, being the fruit of sinful intercourse, by name 颁补峁囜笉腻濒补, is born of a 艢奴诲谤补 when a Br膩hma峁嘺 woman forgets herself with him.鈥�

艢耻办谤补苍墨迟颈 (4.4, 71-72).鈥斺�楽ons born of 痴补颈艣测补 women and 碍峁�a迟谤颈测补 or Br膩hma峁嘺 fathers should be treated as 艢奴诲谤补; also those born of 艢奴诲谤补 mothers.鈥�