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NOTES CHAPTER TWO 1 This seems to be the currently accepted approximation of the period of Samkara's life, though we must keep in mind the tradition that he lived for a mere 32 years. In 1950 H. Nakamura argued for the dates 700-750; he was followed by L. Renou and D. H. H. Ingalls. P. Hacker in 1959 proposed a slightly earlier period beginning ca. 650, and in 1981 Potter concluded, "No firm evidence forces us to date 艢amkara any later than mid-seventh century. See Karl H. Potter, ed., Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Vol. III: Advaita Ved膩nta up to Samkara and His Pupils (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981), p. 116; Hardy, VB, p. 488, note 23; Senga姆u Mayeda, A Thousand Teachings: The Upade艣as膩hasr墨 of 艢amkara (Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1979), p. 3, "The Authenticity of the Bhagavadg墨t膩bh膩艣ya ascribed to Samkara,' " WZKSO, IX (1965), p. 155, note 1. Prior to Nakamura's research, however, the dates 788-820 were standard. The difference of one century is not crucial for the present discussion. 2 A岣峺a Prasad Mishra, The development and Place of Bhakti in Samkara Ved膩nta (Allahabad: The University of Allahabad, 1967), p. ii. 3 Sri Ramakrishna was a great bhakta, but nevertheless taught that Advaita was the highest truth and the aim of all spiritual disciplines. His leading disciple, Swami Vivekananda, seemed publicly to be more of a j帽膩nin, but had profound devotional experiences in his private life. Vivekananda once stated: "He [Sri Ramakrishna] was all bhakti without, but within he was all j帽膩na; I am all j帽膩na without; but within my heart it is all bhakti" (The Life of Swami Vivekananda By His Eastern and Western Disciples [Calcutta: Advaita Ashrama, 1955], p. 115). 4 Smarananda, pp. 300-309. 鈥� 5s. Radhakrishnan, The Brahma Sutra: The Philosophy of the Spiritual Life (London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1960), p. 37. 6 One possible exception is 艢r墨dhara Sv膩min (ca. 1350-1450), who wrote valuable commentaries on the Vi峁ａ箛u and 389