Essay name: Bhakti-rasayana by Madhusudana Sarasvati
Author:
Lance Edward Nelson
Affiliation: McMaster University / Religious Studies
This is a study and English translation of the Bhakti-rasayana by Madhusudana Sarasvati (16th century)—one of the greatest and most vigorous exponents of Advaita after Shankara-Acharya who was also a great devotee of Krishna. The Bhaktirasayana attempts to merge non-dualist metaphysics with the ecstatic devotion of the Bhagavata Purana, by asserting that Bhakti is the highest goal of life and by arguinng that Bhakti embodies God within the devotee's mind.
Page 363 of: Bhakti-rasayana by Madhusudana Sarasvati
363 (of 553)
External source: Shodhganga (Repository of Indian theses)
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granting non-renunciate devotees a corresponding access to
moksa. He furthermore ignores the idea of bhakti as the
The problem now remains: If the BR and
貹ܰṣārٳ.
the GAD have different and indeed contradictory teachings on
the place and function of devotion in Advaita, which is
Madhusudana's true outlook? We hypothesized at the start of
this chapter that one motivation for his writing on bhakti
may have been to think through his own spiritual experience
and somehow bring together the two strands of Upanisadic
non-dualism and Kṛṣṇa devotionalism on which it was based.
If this was the case, as seems impossible to doubt,
something of what he wrote must represent his own personal
understanding of the problem. But what? If we take
definite agreement between the BR and the GAD, his two major
works on bhakti, as our criterion, three things can be said.
First, it is at least clear that Madhusudana, who regarded
himself as a jīvanmukta, believed that it was perfectly
possible to experience devotion in that state. Second, it
is equally certain that he thought bhakti a great help at
all levels of spiritual practice. Third, both texts make it
obvious that he saw a very close relation between the
Brahman of Advaita and the bhagavat of the BP, and that he
identified the latter with Kṛṣṇa. Beyond these points,
however, we cannot speak with certainty.
