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Madhusudana pays respect to samkara and claims to be faithfully following his lead in interpreting the Bhagavad Gita 26 Nevertheless, he has a basic disagreement with his great predecessor regarding the centrality of samnyasa. While Sankara argues that renunciation is the key teaching of the Gita, Madhusudana believes, and asserts repeatedly, that the most essential message of the text is surrender to God or bhagavadekasaranata, literally "the state of having the Blessed Lord as one's sole refuge. Thus: Only the state of having the Blessed Lord as one's sole refuge is the means to moksa, not the performance of action or the renunciation of action. 鈥� It is not renunciation that is enjoined here [as Samkara asserts]. Rather, the state of having the Lord as one's sole refuge is prescribed generally for the student, the householder, the retiree, and the renunciate. The state of having the Lord as one's sole refuge is itself the highest secret of all the scriptures; it is the final teaching of the Gita. Without it, even renunciation will not lead to its proper end. 鈥� Hence the Lord intends to teach only the state of having Him as one's sole refuge with disregard for the path of renunciation. 28 The idea of surrender to God is given an non-dualistic turn at Gudhartha-dipika 18.66: "I am His"; "He is mine"; "I am He"--thus the state of surrender to the Lord is threefold, according to the maturity of practice of the means.

Madhusudana mentions Ambarisa, Prahlada, and the gopis as examples of bhaktas who experienced the highest of these three states. For details, he again refers the reader to the Bhakti-rasayana 29 335