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Significance of Pleasure-Pain

Pleasure-Pain, according to Dharmashastra, represents a specific contrast where 'Pleasure' arises from virtuous actions and 'Pain' stems from vicious deeds. In the Vaisheshika philosophy, Pleasure-Pain signifies foundational experiences that invoke opposite responses, with Pleasure leading to Desire and Pain generating Aversion. Moreover, Pleasure and Pain are viewed as emotional sensations linked to positive and negative experiences, highlighting their significance in human perception and behavior.

Synonyms: Enjoyment-suffering, Happiness-misery

The below excerpts are indicatory and do represent direct quotations or translations. It is your responsibility to fact check each reference.

Hindu concept of 'Pleasure-Pain'

Hinduism Books

In Hinduism, Pleasure-Pain symbolizes foundational experiences leading to Desire and Aversion, signifies virtuous versus vicious actions, and reflects emotional responses tied to positive and negative experiences, highlighting the duality of human experience.

Significance in Vaisheshika (school of philosophy):
Vaisheshika Books

From: Padarthadharmasamgraha and Nyayakandali

(1) Emotional experiences that are associated with the Self but cannot be attributed to the body or sense-organs as they are recognized subjectively.[1] (2) Emotional states that reflect positive (pleasure) and negative (pain) experiences, which influence human behavior and choices.[2] (3) Emotional responses produced in the Self as a result of the actions of virtue and vice.[3] (4) Emotional states that are outcomes of the Conjunction of the Self with the Mind.[4] (5) Pleasure and pain are emotional responses or sensations that are associated with positive and negative experiences, respectively.[5]

Vaisheshika refers to a school of orthodox Hindu philosophy (astika), drawing its subject-matter from the Upanishads. Vaisheshika deals with subjects such as logic, epistemology, philosophy and expounds concepts similar to Buddhism in nature

Significance in Dharmashastra (religious law):
Dharmashastra Books

From: Manusmriti with the Commentary of Medhatithi

(1) A specific pair of opposites where 'Pleasure' is the result of virtuous actions and 'Pain' is the consequence of vicious actions.[6]

Dharmashastra contains the instructions (shastra) regarding religious conduct of livelihood (dharma), ceremonies, jurisprudence (study of law) and more. It is categorized as smriti, an important and authoritative selection of books dealing with the Hindu lifestyle.

Significance in Yoga (school of philosophy):
Yoga Books

From: Yoga-sutras (with Vyasa and Vachaspati Mishra)

(1) Emotional states that result from virtue and vice, with pleasure leading to attachment and pain leading to aversion.[7]

Yoga is originally considered a branch of Hindu philosophy (astika), but both ancient and modern Yoga combine the physical, mental and spiritual. Yoga teaches various physical techniques also known as asanas (postures), used for various purposes (eg., meditation, contemplation, relaxation).

Significance in Vedanta (school of philosophy):
Vedanta Books

From: Brahma Sutras (Shankaracharya)

(1) The text discusses the experience of pleasure and pain and questions whether the Lord, like transmigrating souls, experiences pleasure and pain when considering the pradhana.[8]

Vedanta refers to a school of orthodox Hindu philosophy (astika), drawing its subject-matter from the Upanishads. There are a number of sub-schools of Vedanta, however all of them expound on the basic teaching of the ultimate reality (brahman) and liberation (moksha) of the individual soul (atman).

The concept of Pleasure-Pain in local and regional sources

History Books

Pleasure-Pain illustrates the intrinsic connection between happiness and suffering, emphasizing that one cannot attain true joy without confronting associated challenges and hardships, underscoring the dual nature of emotional experiences.

Significance in India history and geography:

From: The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda

(1) This refers to the inseparable duality of happiness and suffering, highlighting the challenges of achieving one without the other.[9]