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[Full title: Wrong Livelihood (尘颈肠肠丑腻-腻箩墨惫补) (2) Wrong Livelihood in False or Fraudulent Buying and Selling]

There are two discourses dealing with false, unlawful, unfair, arbitrary trading of business. They are called 鈥�罢耻濒腻办奴峁璦 Sutta鈥� and 鈥�鲍办办辞峁璦苍补 Sutta in 惭补丑腻惫补驳驳补 厂补峁儁耻迟迟补.^[1] These two Suttas describe the way of false, cheating and fraud business or trading. The person who wants to do his business of trading in right livelihood should abstain this way of business or trading in cheating or fraud.

The Buddha expounded these Suttas as the following ways.

鈥�Evameva kho, bhikkhave, appak膩 te 蝉补迟迟腻 ye tul膩k奴峁璦ka峁僺ak奴峁璦m膩nak奴t膩 pa峁璱virat膩;
atha kho eteva bahutar膩 蝉补迟迟腻 ye tul膩k奴峁璦ka峁僺ak奴峁璦m膩nak奴峁��� appa峁璱virat膩.鈥�

鈥淪o too, Bhikkhus, those beings are few who abstain from false weights, false metals, and false measures. But these beings are more numerous who do not so abstain from false weights, false metals, and false measures.鈥�^[2]

鈥�Evameva kho, bhikkhave, appak膩 te 蝉补迟迟腻 ye ukko峁璦nava帽cananikatis膩ciyog膩 pa峁璱virat膩;
atha kho eteva bahutar膩 蝉补迟迟腻 ye ukko峁璦nava帽cananikatis膩ciyog膩 appa峁璱virat膩.鈥�

鈥淪o too, Bhikkhus, those beings are few who abstain from the crooked ways of bribery, deception and fraud. But these beings are more numerous who do not so abstain from the crooked ways of bribery, deception and fraud.鈥�^[3]

As mentioned above, we can draw the six items regarding false, deceitful and fraudulent way of buying and selling form these two Suttas. They are as:-

(1) 罢耻濒腻办奴峁璦: way of buying or selling with false, cheating and fraudulent weighing (a weighing pole or stick and scales and balance)
(2) 碍补峁僺补办奴峁璦: way of buying or selling with a false, deceitful and fraudulent coin or money or currency.
(3) 惭腻苍补办奴峁璦: way of buying or selling with false, deceitful and fraudulent metals, bronze, weights and measures.
(4) 鲍办办辞峁璦苍补-s膩ci-yoga: way of buying or selling with a crooked ways of bribery; deception.
(5) 痴补帽肠补苍补-蝉腻肠颈-测辞驳补: way of buying or selling with making one loosened his bearing or making one鈥檚 mind confused in the way of cheating or fraud.
(6) Nikati-蝉腻肠颈-测辞驳补: way of buying or selling with false, deceitful and fraudulent knowledge.^[4]

(1) 罢耻濒腻办奴峁璦:

鈥�Tul膩k奴峁�膩d墨su k奴峁璦nti -惫补帽肠补苍补峁�. Tattha 迟耻濒腻办奴迟峁璦峁� 迟腻惫补 r奴pak奴峁璦峁�, a峁単ak奴峁璦峁�, gaha峁嘺k奴峁璦峁�, pa峁璱cchannak奴峁璦峁� 肠补迟耻产产颈诲丑补峁� hoti.鈥�^[5]

What is way of buying or selling with false, cheating and fraudulent weighing (罢耻濒腻办奴峁璦)? When one buys or sells his goods, he correctly does not weigh his goods and he weighs falsely or fraudulently his goods to the customers or consumers. It means that he dishonestly and deceitfully buys or sells goods to the customers.

In regards to it, there are four ways of buying or selling with false and deceitful weight (罢耻濒腻办奴峁璦). They are as:-

A. 搁奴辫补办奴峁璦: cheating or fraud with a similar weighing pole or stick or scales.
B. 础峁単补办奴峁璦: cheating or fraud with the help of one鈥檚 hand when he weighs his good.
C. 骋补丑补峁嘺办奴峁璦: cheating or fraud with the way to handle his weighing pole or scales.
D. 笔补峁璱肠肠丑补苍苍补办奴峁璦: cheating or fraud with the way to cover or conceal his weighing pole or scales with something.^[6]

The description of the commentary concerning these four ways can be seen in the 厂补峁儁耻迟迟补 Nik膩ya 础峁�峁�丑补办补迟丑腻 (commentary). Out of the four ways to cheat with false or fraud weighing pole, the first one means that when he is buying or selling, he has two similar weighing pole or scales. Accordingly, when he buys goods from another one, he uses his weighing pole that has correct or right weights, metals and measures, etc. But when he sells his goods, he uses his weighing pole with false weights, metals and measures, etc. Thus one cheats others with false weighing in this way.

The second way is concerned with how to use his hand. When he buys, he weighs goods pressing the end of the weighing pole and when he sells his goods, he weighs his goods pressing the front of his weighing poles with his hand. Thus he cheats or deceits others with false weighing in this way.

The third way is concerned with how to handle the ropes of the scales in the way of cheating. When he buys, he handles the ropes of scale from the end and when he sells, he handles the rope of scale from the top. Thus he cheats the customers with false weighing in this way.

The fourth way is concerned with how to make the pole of scale secretly or dishonestly. One makes his scale with hollow pipe or tube that has empty space and he puts iron-powder or lead-powder into the hollow pipe of the scale. When buying, he moves the iron-powder or leadpowder into the end of the scale (the edge of the pole of scale) and when selling, he shifts the iron-powder or lead-powder into the front of the pole of scale (the side of handle of scale). Thus one cheats the customers with false weighing in this way.

(2) 碍补峁僺补办奴峁璦:

鈥�碍补峁僺辞 vuccati 蝉耻惫补峁囜箛补辫腻迟颈, 迟腻测补 惫补帽肠补苍补峁� ka峁僺ak奴ta峁�. 碍补迟丑补峁�? Eka峁� suva峁囜箛ap膩ti峁� 办补迟惫腻 补帽帽腻 dve tisso lohap膩tiyo suva峁囜箛ava峁囜箛膩 karonti.鈥�^[7]

What is the way of buying or selling with false or deceitful or fraudulent coin, money and currency (碍补峁僺补办奴峁璦), etc? It is to buy or sell with counterfeit and artificial money, jewellery, medicine, food, utensils, articles, and paraphernalia, etc.

Nowadays, we have to find the way to buy and sell with counterfeit and artificial things such as money, food, medicines, and other utensils, articles and paraphernalia, etc. For instance, some persons sell artificial leather instead of real one, counterfeit gold and silver instead of real gold and silver, artificial jewelleries instead of real ones so and so forth. Especially, the persons who is innocent of something are cheated or victims of fraud by someone in a matter of buying or selling. Sometimes, even though buying or selling in the way of cheating or fraud is not committing a criminal case, it is not right livelihood. In a sense, they are exploited by others. Earning one鈥檚 living in the way of exploitation is not right livelihood.

(3) 惭腻苍补办奴峁璦:

鈥�惭腻苍补办奴迟补峁� hadayabheda-蝉颈办丑腻产丑别诲补-谤补箩箩耻产丑别诲补惫补蝉别苍补 迟颈惫颈诲丑补峁� hoti.鈥�^[8]

The way of buying or selling with deceitful and fraudulent basket or cup or equipment of measurement or weighing (惭腻苍补办奴峁璦) refers to buying or selling rice, paddy, grain, liquid, etc in the way of false and cheating basket or cups, platform scales, taxi meter and so on.

In connection with 惭腻苍补办奴峁璦, there are three kinds of measurement or weighing with a fraudulent basket or cup or equipment. They are as:-

A. Hadaya-bheda: measuring something, esp., a liquid such oil (sesame oil), and a fluid that is thick and mucilaginous. (It cannot be poured into a cup of measure quickly).

B. 厂颈办丑腻-bheda: measuring something, esp., rice or paddy or other powders with a stick of crop on the part of rice or paddy or other powders heaped or rising in the basket or cup, etc. (cropping it quickly so as to reduce the rice or paddy or drop it under the basket or the cup).

C. Rajju-bheda: measuring an area of land by cutting or destroying the rope for land-surveying.

(A) Hadaya-bheda

鈥�Tattha hadayabedo sappitel膩diminanak膩le labbhati. T膩ni hi ga峁噃anto he峁�峁環膩siddena m膩nena 鈥渟a峁噄ka峁� 膩si帽j膩鈥� ti 惫补迟惫腻 补苍迟辞产丑腻箩补苍别 产补丑耻峁� 辫补驳驳丑补谤腻辫别迟惫腻 驳补峁噃腻迟颈, dadanto sidda峁� 辫颈诲丑腻测补 蝉墨驳丑补腻 辫奴谤别迟惫腻 deti.鈥�^[9]

The way of 鈥�Hadaya-bheda鈥� is used to measure a liquid thing such as oil. The way of cheating for measurement of oil and liquid thing is that someone makes a cup for measurement. But he makes a small hole in the bottom of the cup. The purpose of it is to leave oil or liquid inside the cup of measurement in the bottom of it. For example, when he buys oil and other liquid, he pours slowly oil and other fluid things into the cup in order that the oil is left in the bottom of the cup. However, when he sells oil and other fluid things, he closes the hole of the cup and pours quickly them into another cup in order not to be left the oil in the bottom of the cup.

Sometimes, even though the cup does not have a hole, someone can use it in the way of overturn and turning up or over the cup quickly. That is because oil cannot quickly run into the cup and at that time oil has moderately left in cup. This is the way of cheating for buying or selling in the way of stealing oil, etc.

(B) 厂颈办丑腻-bheda

鈥�Tilata峁囜笉ul膩diminanak膩le labbhati. T膩ni hi ga峁噃anto sa峁噄ka峁� 蝉颈办丑补峁� 耻蝉蝉腻辫别迟惫腻 驳补峁噃腻迟颈, dadanto vegena 蝉颈办丑补峁� bhindanto deti.鈥�^[10]

The second way of 鈥�厂颈办丑腻-bheda鈥� is used to measure rice and paddy, etc. For example, when someone buys some rice or paddy or some crops, he pours slowly them into his basket in order not to be vacuums inside the basket. In other words, when someone takes and measures some rice, he pours it into his basket slowly and crops it slowly in order not to be vacuums space inside the cup. But when he sells his rice, he pours it into another one鈥檚 basket quickly so as to be vacuums inside the basket. If there is left a little vacuum inside the basket, one can get much rice and in case of much vacuum inside it, one cannot get much rice. This is the way of pouring or cropping some crops in the way of fraud.

(C) Rajju-bheda

鈥�Rajjubhedo khettavatthuminanak膩le labbhati. La帽ja峁� alabhant膩 hi 办丑别迟迟补峁� 补尘补丑补苍迟补峁� 尘补丑补苍迟补峁� 办补迟惫腻 minanti.鈥�^[11]

The third way of 鈥�Rajju-bheda鈥� is used to measure the field, the farm or the ground. Someone steals other鈥檚 field or farm in the way of deceitful measurement by using the rope. This way of cheating is called 鈥�Rajju-bheda鈥�. It can be seen in the problem of fence or hedge around a piece of land.

(4) 鲍办办辞峁璦苍补-蝉腻肠颈-测辞驳补:

鈥�Ukko峁璦n膩d墨su ukko峁璦nanti鈥搒膩mike as膩mike 办腻迟耻峁� 濒补帽箩补驳驳补丑补峁嘺峁�.
S膩ciyogoti -ku峁璱layogo. Etesa峁儁eva ukko峁璦n膩d墨nameta峁� 苍腻尘补峁�.
罢补蝉尘腻 ukko峁璦nas膩ciyog膩, va帽canas膩ciyog膩, nikatis膩ciyog膩ti evamettha attho da峁�峁環avo.鈥�^[12]

The way of fraud with bribery is not directly dealt with buying or selling. Yet it can be seen in the court of law, contest a legal suit, litigation or one鈥檚 case in a court, esp., it is concerned with the judge who is in charge of a trial in the court, decides how a person who is guilty of a crime should be punished, and makes decisions on legal matters. If the judge decides one鈥檚 case in a court by taking bribery, he commits the way of wrong decision by taking bribery from the litigant or client. He decides that what is right is what is wrong and what is wrong is what is right. Besides that, taking bribery in any way is included in this context of fraud.

(5) 痴补帽肠补苍补-蝉腻肠颈-测辞驳补

鈥�痴补帽肠补苍补nti鈥搕ehi tehi up膩yehi paresa峁� 惫补帽肠补苍补峁�.
罢补迟谤颈诲补尘别办补峁� vatthu eko kira luddako miga帽ca migapotaka帽ca 驳补丑别迟惫腻 腻驳补肠肠丑补迟颈鈥�..尘颈驳补辫辞迟补办补峁� 驳补丑别迟惫腻 尘颈驳补峁� 补诲腻蝉墨迟颈.鈥�^[13]

The meaning of 鈥�痴补帽肠补苍补s膩ciyoga鈥� can be found as 鈥�痴补帽肠补苍补鈥� means deception, delusion, cheating, fraud, illusion, etc. and 鈥�厂腻肠颈测辞驳补鈥� means crooked way or insincerity. So the way of 鈥�痴补帽肠补苍补s膩ciyoga鈥� is referred to the way to cheat others in crooked way or way of insincerity. The simile of the story as to the way of this cheating can be found in the commentary^[14] as follow:-

Supposing that a hunter sells a big deer and a small one and then one customer comes and asks the hunter that 鈥淗ow much does it cost your tow deer?鈥� The hunter replies that 鈥淭he big deer is cost for two coins and the small one is cost for one coin鈥�. The customer buys the small deer paying for one coin and goes way. Sooner or later, he comes back and says the hunter that 鈥淚 don鈥檛 want the small one and I want the big one鈥�. At that time, the hunter replies that 鈥淚n that case, please gives me two coins鈥�. Then the customer says that 鈥淚 have already given you one coin for this small deer, and this small one is cost one coin. So, one coin I have already given you and this small deer is totally equivalent to two coins. Please take only this small deer. Then he returns the small deer and take the big one, and goes away while saying those words. At the same time, the dull-witted hunter is left behind confusing with his selling.

This story is the example of cheating other people in crooked way or way of insincerity by making the mind of other people confused or complicated. The liar moves away before the seller cannot recall the right situation of their buying and selling.

(6) Nikati-蝉腻肠颈-测辞驳补

The definition of 鈥�狈颈办补迟颈蝉腻肠颈测辞驳补鈥� can be found in the commentary as鈥�

鈥�狈颈办补迟墨鈥� ti鈥�yogavasena v膩, m膩y膩vasena v膩, ap膩ma峁単a峁� p膩ma峁単anti, ama峁噄峁� ma峁噄nti, asuva峁囜箛a峁� suva峁囜箛anti 办补迟惫腻 patir奴pakena 惫补帽肠补苍补峁�.鈥�^[15]

The meaning of 鈥�Nikati鈥� can be found as 鈥榝raud; cheating; baseness, dishonesty, fraud鈥� in Tipitak 笔腻濒颈 dictionary and 笔腻濒颈+ English dictionary by Rhys Davids. 鈥�厂腻肠颈测辞驳补鈥� means 鈥榗rooked way or insincerity鈥�. According to the commentary, it means that the way of cheating other people with one鈥檚 magical knowledge or magical power, or supernatural knowledge or power. There are two kinds of the way of cheating with magical power. The first one is to create something as if real gold or silver with a divine saying or decision, or a secret religious code or doctrine such as 鈥�Mantra鈥� to cheat other people. The second one is to cheat other people with magical knowledge such as the magician in the magic show without divine saying or a secret religious code. For the time being, things such as gold made or created by the liar are not real one but people consider them as a real thing. Later on, they find that they are not real gold or silver and so on. The way of this kind is called 鈥�狈颈办补迟颈蝉腻肠颈测辞驳补鈥�.

The way of cheating number two and this number six can be considered as the same way. But they are different from one another. The former is to cheat others with things which are mixed with artificial and real ones putting together in front of the buyer. The latter is to cheat others with magical knowledge or power making others considered something as if a real one in the present. Some ways of cheating other people can remain in traditional way and modern scientific way nowadays.

Nevertheless, the description of only the way to cheat others with false or fraud weighing has been mentioned in the commentary. Whether there is the way to use traditional scales in buying and selling or not, it is not very important. The key point that is to be highlighted the way to use false or fraud scales and measures in buying and selling is not good behaviour and not right livelihood (厂补尘尘腻-腻箩墨惫补). It is wrong livelihood (Micch膩-腻箩墨惫补). If it is not right earning one鈥檚 living, it is offensive for one. Again, if it is not right livelihood, one can get into trouble or encounter the bad consequences of his evil deeds in the present life or the future.

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

S. III, P. 410. Pali Text Society V, P. 472.

[2]:

Ibid, P. 410. Ibid, P. 472.

[3]:

S. III, P. 410. Pali Text Society V, P. 472.

[4]:

SA. III, P. 337. Pali Text Society III, P. 305.

[5]:

Ibid, P. 337. Ibid, P. 305.

[6]:

SA III, P. 337. Pali Text Society III, P. 305.

[7]:

SA. III, P. 337. Pali Text Society III, P. 305.

[8]:

SA. III, P. 337. Pali Text Society III, P. 305.

[9]:

SA. III, P. 337. Pali Text Society III, P. 305.

[10]:

SA. III, P. 337. Pali Text Society III, P. 305.

[11]:

SA III, P. 337. Pali Text Society III, P. 305.

[12]:

SA III, P. 337. Pali Text Society III, P. 305.

[13]:

Ibid, P. 337. Ibid, P. 305.

[14]:

SA III, P. 337. Pali Text Society III, P. 305.

[15]:

Ibid, P. 337. Ibid, P. 305.