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We have come to know about that 鲍迟迟丑腻苍补-蝉补尘辫补诲腻 (making effort) is one of the items for the development of welfare. Yet, we should know about the meaning, definition, interpretation, and conception of 鲍峁�峁�丑腻苍补 meant effort (惫墨谤颈测补).

Prior to studying the interpretations of 惫墨颈谤测补, we need to examine the grammatical meaning of this word and how this word is connected with the word 鲍峁�峁�丑腻苍补. The word 鈥�惫墨谤颈测补鈥� can be found in the 顿丑补尘尘补蝉补峁単补苍墨 笔腻濒颈.^[1] It is a mental factor or mental concomitant included in ultimate reality.

The meaning of this word is defined as vigour, energy, effort, exertion and, lit, state of strong man. The synonyms of 惫墨谤颈测补 are 鈥�膧谤补诲诲丑补; full of energy, putting forth energy, strenuous, 鈥�鲍峁�峁�丑腻苍补鈥�; initiative or rousing energy, 鈥�础濒墨苍补鈥�; alert; energetic, so and so forth. The other usages of this word are 鈥�础肠肠腻谤补诲诲丑补鈥�; too much exertion, 鈥�痴墨谤颈测补峁� 腻谤补产丑补迟颈鈥�; to put forth energy, 鈥�痴墨谤颈测补峁� karoti鈥�; to make an effort, 鈥�础迟颈濒墨苍补 惫墨谤颈测补鈥�; too little exertion, 鈥�翱蝉蝉补峁�峁�丑补 惫墨谤颈测补鈥�; one who has given up effort, 鈥�H墨na惫墨谤颈测补鈥�; lacking in energy so and so forth.

鈥�鲍峁�峁�丑腻苍补鈥� is defined as:

(1) Rising, rise, getting up, standing.
(2) Rise, origin, occasion or opportunity, producing.
(3) Rousing, exertion, energy, zeal, activity, manly vigour, industry.

Some usages of the word 鈥�鲍峁�峁�丑腻苍补鈥� can be seen as 鈥�础苍耻峁�峁�丑腻苍补蝉别测测补鈥�; a bed from which one cannot get up. It is often synonymous with 鈥�痴墨谤颈测补鈥欌赌斺赌�鲍峁�峁�丑腻苍补phala鈥�, 鈥�鲍峁�峁�丑腻苍补惫墨谤颈测补鈥�, 鈥�鲍峁�峁�丑腻苍补蝉补尘辫补诲腻鈥� and so on. 鈥�Anu峁�峁環膩na惫墨谤颈测补鈥�; sluggish energy or sluggishness, 鈥�鲍峁�峁�丑腻苍补ka鈥�; giving rise to yielding (revenue), producing, 鈥�鲍峁�峁�丑腻测颈办补鈥�; energetic, etc. According to these definition of the word 鈥�鲍峁�峁�丑腻苍补鈥� and 鈥�痴墨谤颈测补鈥�, we can see that these words are synonymous with each other and it is used as 鈥�鲍峁�峁�丑腻苍补鈥� instead of 鈥�痴墨谤颈测补鈥� by the Buddha in the 顿墨驳丑补箩腻峁嘘 Sutta.

Therefore, we can clearly consider that the word 鈥�痴墨谤颈测补鈥� is similar to 鈥�鲍峁�峁�丑腻苍补鈥� and they are connected as the synonym of each other. Out of these two, the word 鈥�痴墨谤颈补测补鈥� is more essential or fundamental to the meaning of effort or energy.

The interpretations of 痴墨谤颈测补 that come from in the book of 鈥�Abhidhamma in Daily Life鈥� can be found as follows:-

"Viriya means effort or Endeavour. An industrious person exerts effort decisively and boldly to realize his aims. Persons who lack 惫墨谤颈测补 (effort) are lazy, on timid; they have excuses in store. One who shuns work or is afraid to take responsibility and one who gives lame excuses such as being too early, too late, too cold, too hot, too hungry, too full of stomach so as to dodge the work, are said to be the victims of thina (sloth), and middha, (torpor). These two akusala-cetasikas are the very opposite of 惫墨谤颈测补.

A man of 惫墨谤颈测补 never falters, even in the face of hardships, difficulties and problems. He is not hesitant to sacrifice even his life to realize his aim. For example, as Bodhisatta, Prince Janaka, when his ship wrecked, jumped overboard boldly to safety and swam with great perseverance, to be saved by a good deity. His shipmates all died while crying in fear and praying to their traditional deities. They were devoured by fishes and sharks but Prince Janaka swam unflinchingly for seven days with effort and observed Uposatha percepts all the while. This is 惫墨谤颈测补 endeavor and boldness in face of difficulties."^[2]

Again, we can find another definition of 痴墨谤颈测补 (effort) in the book of 'The Essence of Buddha Abhidhamma: ultimate science' written by Dr. Mehm Tin Mon.

It is written based on Abhdhammattha-蝉补峁単补丑补, a famous book. He said:-

"痴墨谤颈测补 is more or less equivalent to effort, energy, exertion, virility, manliness or heroism. It may be defined as the state of being energetic or courageous.

It has the characteristic of supporting, upholding or sustaining its concomitants. As a leaning old house, supported by new pillars, may not fall, so also concomitants, supported by 惫墨谤颈测补, will not give way.

Just as a strong reinforcement could help as army to hold on instead of retreating, even so 惫墨谤颈测补 upholds or uplifts its concomitants.

痴墨谤颈测补 is regarded as a spiritual faculty (Indriya) because it controls and overcomes idleness. It is also one of the five powers (Bala) because it cannot be shaken by its opposite idleness. It also serves as one of the four means of accomplishing one鈥檚 ends (滨诲诲丑颈辫腻诲补). According to 础峁�峁�丑补蝉腻岣穒苍墨 commentary, 惫墨谤颈测补 should be regarded as the root of all achievements."^[3]

"V墨rassa bh膩vo 惫墨谤颈测补峁�, 惫墨谤腻苍补峁� 惫腻 办补尘尘补峁� 惫墨谤颈测补峁�. 痴颈诲丑颈苍腻 va nayena up膩yena 墨rayitabba峁�, pavattayitabba峁� 惫墨谤颈测补峁�. Tadeva kosajjassa abhibhavanato, adhipatiyatthena 颈苍诲谤颈测补峁�."

The mental phenomenon that has the nature of setting going on or proceeding the phenomena that are associated with it by ways and means in due form is called 惫墨谤颈测补. (痴墨谤颈测补 is called the mental phenomenon that has the nature of setting going on or proceeding the phenomena that are associated with it by ways and means in due form.) It is also regarded as a spiritual faculty (Indriya) because it controls and overcomes idleness.^[4]

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

Dhs. P. 19-24. Pali Text Society, P. 11.

[2]:

Abhidhamma in Daily Life. P. 82

[3]:

The essence of Buddha Abhidhamma. P. 73-4.

[4]:

Atthasalini P. 163. Pali Text Society, P. 120. Pali Text Society, Tr. P. 119.