A Conceptual Study of Kandara Sharir from Ayurvedic Samhita
Journal name: Ayushdhara
Original article title: A Conceptual Study of Kandara Sharir from Ayurvedic Samhita
AYUSHDHARA is an international peer-reviewed journal. It focuses on research in Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, Homeopathy, Allopathy, and Pharmaceutical Sciences.
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Mayuri U. Thakur
Assistant Professor, Department of Rachana Sharir, Dhanwantari Ayurved Medical College & Charitable Hospital, Udgir, Maharashtra, India.
Pravin D. Balutkar
Assistant Professor, Department of Rasashastra & Bhaishajykalpana, Dhanwantari Ayurved Medical College & Charitable Hospital, Udgir, Maharashtra, India.
Ayushdhara:
(A peer-reviewed, bi-monthly open-access journal)
Full text available for: A Conceptual Study of Kandara Sharir from Ayurvedic Samhita
Year: 2023 | Doi: 10.47070/ayushdhara.v10iSuppl3.1275
Copyright (license): CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
Ayurveda, known as the science of life, encompasses various fundamental concepts such as Tridosha, Saptadhatu, and Trimala, alongside anatomical terminologies like Kurcha, Jala, and Kandara. Kandara, as described by Acharya Sushruta in the Sharirsthana, is a notable concept in Ayurveda, relating to rounded types of Snayu (ligaments) and is critical for understanding anatomy within this ancient medical system. This paper delves into the significance of Kandara in understanding both Ayurvedic practices and its modern biological counterparts, particularly focusing on its relationship with tendons.
Concept of Kandara
Kandara is defined as a rounded type of Snayu and serves as an Upadhatu (by-product) of Rakta (blood tissue). Acharya Sushruta identified 16 Kandara, distributed in the hands, feet, neck, and back regions. Its primary functions include contraction (Aakunchanam) and relaxation (Prasaranam), which are vital for movement. In modern anatomy, Kandara correlates with tendons—strong, flexible tissues connecting muscles to bones, prominently involved in various bodily movements. Understanding this relationship enhances the comprehension of underlying mechanisms in both Ayurvedic and contemporary medical practices.
Relationship Between Kandara and Disease
Kandara is also linked to specific pathologies in Ayurveda. Conditions such as Grudhrasi (sciatica) and Vishwachi (brachial neuralgia) are associated with vitiated Vata dosha, affecting the Kandara in the respective regions. The treatment strategies mentioned in classical texts include methods like Siravedha (bloodletting), showcasing the connection between Rakta dhatu and Kandara. This relationship indicates that many modern tendon injuries, such as tendinitis and tendon tears, can find parallels in the Ayurvedic concept of Kandara, suggesting an intersection of traditional healing and modern medical understanding.
Conclusion
The literature on Kandara reveals its significance as a correlate for modern anatomical structures like tendons. While some aspects, particularly those in the hands and feet, align well with contemporary anatomical findings, others related to regions like the neck and back present challenges and require further investigation. The various diseases linked to Kandara highlight the necessity of Ayurvedic treatments such as Panchakarma therapy, Snehan, and Swedan. As we continue to explore these ancient concepts, we may uncover valuable insights that can enrich both Ayurvedic and modern medical practices.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is the significance of Kandara in Ayurveda?
Kandara is considered a unique concept in Ayurveda, described extensively by Aacharya Sushrata. It is known as a rounded type of Snayu (tendon) and is an Updhatu (by-product) of Rakta (blood). Understanding Kandara enhances knowledge of anatomical concepts fundamental for disease treatment.
How does Kandara relate to modern anatomical structures?
In modern science, Kandara can be correlated with tendons, which connect muscles to bones. Tendons are essential for joint movement and function, playing a critical role in the stability and flexibility of our musculoskeletal system, similar to the function of Kandara in Ayurveda.
What diseases are associated with Kandara in Ayurveda?
Diseases like Grudhrasi (sciatica) and Vishwachi (brachial neuralgia) are linked to Kandara. These conditions occur due to vitiated Vata dosha affecting movement and function in regions like the heel, palm, and upper extremities, necessitating Ayurvedic treatments for management.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “A Conceptual Study of Kandara Sharir from Ayurvedic Samhita�. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Kandara (Kamdara):
The term 'Kandara' in Ayurveda refers to a specific type of 'Snayu,' which is rounded and is considered to be an 'Updhatu' (secondary tissue) of 'Rakta.' Kandara is primarily involved in the functions of contraction and relaxation. In modern science, it is correlated with tendons.
2) Snayu:
'Snayu' in Ayurveda can be compared to ligaments in modern science. It has four types: Pratanvat (ligament), Vruttavat (tendons), Pruthal (aponeurosis), and Sushir (sphincter muscles). Snayu is formed from 'Medadhatu' during 'Garbha' formation and plays a critical role in body movements and stability.
3) Ayurveda (Ayus-veda):
'Ayurveda' is the ancient Indian system of medicine focused on balancing the body's 'Tridosha' (Vata, Pitta, Kapha) for maintaining health. It delves into various concepts like 'Saptadhatu' (seven tissues), 'Trimala' (three wastes), and specific terminologies under 'Rachana Sharir' (anatomical considerations) to diagnose and treat diseases.
4) Samhita:
The term 'Samhita' refers to ancient classical texts in Ayurveda, such as Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita. These texts contain foundational knowledge and principles of Ayurvedic medicine, including descriptions of 'Kandara Sharir,' various diseases ('Vyadhi'), and treatments.
5) Disease:
[see source text or glossary: Disease]
6) Rakta:
'Rakta' stands for blood and is an essential 'Dhatu' (tissue) in Ayurveda. The health of Rakta influences many bodily functions. According to Ayurvedic texts, 'Kandara' is considered to be an 'Updhatu' of Rakta.
7) Vyadhin (Vyadhi):
'Vyadhi' means disease in Ayurveda. Diseases like 'Grudhrasi' (Sciatica) and 'Vishwachi' (Brachial neuralgia) are related to the functioning and pathology of 'Kandara.' Ayurvedic treatments often involve balancing Vata-dosha to treat these conditions.
8) Raktadhatu (Rakta-dhatu):
'Rakta-dhatu' means blood tissue in Ayurveda. 'Kandara' is described as an 'Updhatu' (secondary tissue) of Rakta-dhatu, highlighting its origin and function within the body.
9) Siravedha (Sira-vedha):
In Ayurveda, 'Siravedha' is a bloodletting technique used as a treatment. It is particularly mentioned for ailments related to 'Kandara,' such as 'Grudhrasi' (Sciatica), indicating a therapeutic relationship between blood and Kandara.
10) Vatadosha (Vatadosa, Vata-dosha):
'Vata-dosha' is one of the three fundamental doshas in Ayurveda governing movement and function in the body. Imbalances in Vata-dosha can affect 'Kandara,' leading to diseases like Grudhrasi and Vishwachi.
11) Dosha (Dosa):
In Ayurveda, 'Dosha' refers to the three elemental energies: Vata, Pitta, and Kapha. These doshas govern physiological activities and their imbalances cause diseases ('Vyadhi'). Vata-dosha, in particular, impacts 'Kandara' leading to conditions like 'Grudhrasi' and 'Vishwachi.'
12) Vata:
'Vata' is one of the three doshas in Ayurveda. It is primarily responsible for movement and neurological functions. Imbalances in Vata can lead to disorders affecting 'Kandara' (tendons), such as 'Grudhrasi' (Sciatica) and 'Vishwachi' (Brachial neuralgia).
13) Inflammation:
[see source text or glossary: Inflammation]
14) Medadhatu (Meda-dhatu):
'Medadhatu' is the term for adipose or fat tissue in Ayurveda. 'Snayu,' which includes 'Kandara,' is formed from Medadhatu during the developmental stages, particularly in the 'Garbha' (embryonic) phase.
15) Asthi (Ashthi):
'Asthi' refers to bone tissue in Ayurveda, one of the seven 'Dhatus.' Though not directly mentioned in conjunction with 'Kandara,' bones and tendons (Kandara) are structurally and functionally interconnected in musculoskeletal systems.
16) Nasya (Nashya):
'Nasya' is a Panchakarma therapy in Ayurveda, involving administering medicated oils or ghee through the nasal cavity. This therapy is beneficial for nourishing 'Snayu,' 'Sira,' and 'Kandara' in the head region ('Shirpradesha'), as stated in Charaka Samhita.
17) Dhatu:
'Dhatu' in Ayurveda refers to the basic tissues that sustain the body. There are seven Dhatus, including 'Rasa,' 'Rakta,' 'Mamsa,' 'Meda,' 'Asthi,' 'Majja,' and 'Shukra.' 'Kandara' is considered an 'Updhatu' of 'Rakta.'
18) Sira (Shira):
'Sira' refers to the vessels such as veins and arteries in Ayurveda. They play a vital role in the transport of 'Dhatu' (tissues). 'Kandara' disorders sometimes necessitate treatments like 'Siravedha' (venesection), which involves piercing Sira to alleviate symptoms.
19) Jala:
[see source text or glossary: Jala]
20) Drug:
[see source text or glossary: Drug]
21) Sharirasthana (Sarirasthana, Sharira-sthana):
'Sharirasthana' is a section in Ayurvedic texts like Sushruta Samhita that deals with anatomy and physiology. Concepts like 'Kandara' and its role in the body are elaborated in this section.
22) Matrashitiya (Matrasitiya, Matra-shitiya):
'Matrashitiya' refers to a chapter in the Sutrasthana section of Charaka Samhita. It discusses the benefits of various treatments, including 'Nasya,' for strengthening structures like 'Kandara.'
23) Niruhabasti (Niruha-basti):
'Niruha-basti' is an Ayurvedic enema therapy used mainly for balancing Vata-dosha. It is recommended for diseases like 'Grudhrasi' (Sciatica) and helps in treating issues related to 'Kandara.'
24) Maharashtra (Maharastra, Maha-rashtra):
'Maharashtra' is a state in India. The authors of the study, Mayuri U. Thakur and Pravin D. Balutkar, are affiliated with Dhanwantari Ayurved Medical College and Charitable Hospital in Udgir, Maharashtra.
25) Rasashastra (Rasa-shastra, Rasasastra):
'Rasashastra' is a branch of Ayurveda dealing with minerals and metals. Pravin D. Balutkar, one of the authors, is affiliated with the Department of Rasashastra & Bhaishajykalpana.
26) Sutrasthana (Sutra-sthana):
'Sutrasthana' is a section in Ayurvedic texts like Charaka Samhita that provides fundamental principles and guidelines. The beneficial effects of treatments like ‘Nasya� on 'Kandara' are discussed in this section.
27) Paribhasha (Paribhasa):
'Paribhasha' refers to terminologies or definitions in Ayurveda. Terms like 'Kandara,' 'Jala,' 'Snayu,' are defined within the 'Paribhasha' of Sharir (body structure).
28) Saptadhatu (Sapta-dhatu, Saptan-dhatu):
The concept of 'Saptadhatu' refers to the seven tissues in Ayurveda: Rasa, Rakta, Mamsa, Meda, Asthi, Majja, and Shukra. 'Kandara' is considered an 'Updhatu' of Rakta, one of these seven fundamental tissues.
29) Discussion:
'Discussion' in scientific articles is the section where findings are interpreted and correlated with existing knowledge. In the context of 'Kandara,' discussions often relate ancient Ayurvedic concepts to modern anatomical structures such as tendons.
30) Rasadhatu (Rasa-dhatu):
'Rasadhatu' is the first of the seven tissues in Ayurveda, equivalent to the plasma. It nourishes the 'Raktadhatu,' from which 'Kandara' (tendons) is formed as an 'Updhatu.'
31) Knowledge:
[see source text or glossary: Knowledge]
32) Tridosha (Tridosa, Tri-dosha):
'Tridosha' refers to the three doshas (Vata, Pitta, Kapha) in Ayurveda that govern bodily functions. Imbalances in 'Vata-dosha' particularly affect 'Kandara,' causing diseases like 'Grudhrasi' (Sciatica).
33) Samgraha (Sangraha):
'Sangraha' refers to compilations or collections. 'Ashtang Sangraha' is one of the classical Ayurvedic texts that explain concepts like 'Kandara Sharir.'
34) Prakara:
'Prakara' in Ayurveda refers to categories or types. 'Snayu' has four 'Prakara': Pratanvat, Vruttavat, Pruthal, and Sushir. 'Kandara' is a type of 'Vruttavat' Snayu (rounded type).
35) Parshni (Parsni):
'Parshni' refers to the heel. In Ayurvedic literature, disorders like 'Grudhrasi' (Sciatica) involve the 'Kandara' in locations such as the Parshni, affected by Vata-dosha.
36) Vikara:
'Vikara' means disorder or disease in Ayurveda. Disorders affecting 'Kandara,' like 'Grudhrasi' and 'Vishwachi,' are examples of Vata-dosha predominant 'Vikara.'
37) Sandhi (Shandhi, Samdhi):
'Sandhi' means joint in Ayurveda. 'Nasya' therapy is suggested for the treatment of conditions affecting 'Snayu,' 'Sira,' 'Asthi-sandhi' (bone joints), and 'Kandara' in various regions including the head ('Shirpradesha').
38) Garbha:
'Garbha' refers to the embryonic stage. 'Snayu,' including 'Kandara,' is formed from 'Medadhatu' during Garbha formation and plays a critical role in structural development.
39) Sthana:
'Sthana' refers to the section or chapter within Ayurvedic texts that deals with specific topics. For example, 'Sharirasthana' deals with anatomical aspects like 'Kandara' and its functionalities.
40) Shukra (Sukra):
'Shukra' is one of the seven 'Dhatus' (tissues) in Ayurveda representing reproductive tissue or semen. It is part of the Saptadhatu system but does not directly connect with 'Kandara,' which is an 'Updhatu' of 'Rakta.'
41) Srotas (Shrotas):
[see source text or glossary: Srotas]
42) Niruha:
'Niruha' refers to one type of 'Basti' (enema) used in Ayurvedic treatment. It is particularly effective for Vata-dosha-related disorders, including conditions affecting 'Kandara,' such as 'Grudhrasi' (Sciatica).
43) Medhra:
'Medhra' means the penis in Ayurveda. It is specifically mentioned as an extended growth of the 'Kandara' located in the neck and 'Hrudaya' region, signifying its anatomical and functional uniqueness.
44) Adhya:
'Aadhya' refers to chapters or topics within the Ayurvedic texts. The 'Matrashitiya Aadhya' in Charaka Samhita discusses the benefits of Nasya, particularly for strengthening 'Snayu,' 'Sira,' and 'Kandara.'
45) Griva:
'Greeva' means neck in Ayurveda. 'Kandara' are specifically placed in regions including the neck, highlighting their importance in anatomical and physiological functions.
46) Nakha:
'Nakha' means nail in Ayurveda. The 'Kandara' situated in the hands and feet extend to form nails, indicating their role in structural anatomy.
47) Basti:
'Basti' is a type of Ayurvedic enema therapy. Both 'Niruha Basti' and 'Anuvasan Basti' are suggested treatments for conditions like 'Grudhrasi' (Sciatica) related to 'Kandara.'
48) Majja:
'Majja' is the term for bone marrow tissue in Ayurveda and one of the seven 'Dhatus.' Though not explicitly linked to 'Kandara,' Majja plays a role in the overall health of musculoskeletal structures.
49) India:
'India' is the country where Ayurveda originated and is extensively practiced. The study by the authors is from Maharashtra, India, contributing to the rich tradition of Ayurvedic research.
50) Ayus (Ayush):
'Ayush' refers to the traditional system of healing and healthcare in India, which includes Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy. Journals like 'AYUSHDHARA' publish research related to these systems, including studies on 'Kandara.'
51) Rasa (Rasha):
'Rasa' is the first and primary 'Dhatu' (tissue) in Ayurvedic medicine, comparable to plasma. It is the precursor to 'Rakta,' from which 'Kandara' is formed as an 'Updhatu.'
52) Medas (Meda, Medash):
'Meda' is the adipose or fat tissue in Ayurveda, one of the seven 'Dhatus.' 'Snayu' including 'Kandara' is formed from Medadhatu, implying its importance in structural support and lubrication.
53) Pada:
'Pada' means foot in Ayurveda. Specific 'Kandara' are located in the feet, playing crucial roles in movements and anatomical structure.
54) Kala:
[see source text or glossary: Kala]
55) Pain:
[see source text or glossary: Pain]
56) Ghi (Ghee):
'Ghee' is clarified butter used in various Ayurvedic treatments including Nasya. It nourishes 'Kandara,' 'Sira,' 'Asthi-sandhi,' thereby aiding in conditions related to these anatomical structures.
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