A critical review on anti-hypertensive action of allium sativum
Journal name: Ayushdhara
Original article title: A critical review on anti-hypertensive action of allium sativum
AYUSHDHARA is an international peer-reviewed journal. It focuses on research in Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, Homeopathy, Allopathy, and Pharmaceutical Sciences.
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Aparna Gade
Associate Professor, Dept. of Dravyaguna, M.S. Ayurvedic Medical College Kudwa, Gondia, MS
Bhairavi Nimbarte*
Associate Professor, Dept. of Kayachikitsa, M.S. Ayurvedic Medical College Kudwa, Gondia, MS
Pratibha Kokate
Associate Professor, Dept. of Rasashastra and B.K., M.S. Ayurvedic Medical College Kudwa, Gondia, MS
Ayushdhara:
(A peer-reviewed, bi-monthly open-access journal)
Full text available for: A critical review on anti-hypertensive action of allium sativum
Year: 2019
Copyright (license): CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
In the twenty-first century, lifestyle disorders, particularly hypertension, have become increasingly prevalent due to rapid modernization and changing lifestyles. Hypertension, affecting approximately 26.4% of the adult population globally in 2000, is projected to rise to 29.2% by 2025. It is recognized as a major risk factor for serious cardiovascular diseases, and India is termed the global capital of hypertension. Despite the availability of numerous antihypertensive medications, the number of individuals suffering from hypertension continues to grow. This review explores the antihypertensive properties of Allium sativum, commonly known as garlic, highlighting its potential therapeutic benefits against hypertension, along with recommended dosages and possible side effects.
The Role of Allium Sativum in Hypertension Management
Allium sativum has been utilized for centuries not only as a food flavoring agent but also for its medicinal properties. The compound exhibits various biological activities, including vasodilation, which can significantly aid in blood pressure regulation. Garlic's medicinal content includes a range of compounds, with active components like allicin, known for their vascular benefits. Research indicates that garlic enhances the production of hydrogen sulfide from red blood cells, which facilitates blood vessel relaxation, thereby contributing to lower blood pressure. Studies have reported that consistent consumption of garlic can lead to a reduction in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, providing a promising complementary approach to managing hypertension.
Adverse Effects and Considerations
While garlic is generally considered safe and beneficial, excessive consumption can lead to adverse effects and allergic reactions in some individuals. Internally, users may experience gastrointestinal discomfort, bad breath, or headaches, and in severe cases, allergic reactions may occur, including contact dermatitis and respiratory issues. Additionally, garlic's blood-thinning properties may increase the risk of bleeding, particularly for individuals with bleeding disorders or undergoing surgery. Therefore, it is essential for individuals considering garlic as a natural remedy for hypertension to adhere to recommended dosages and consult healthcare professionals if necessary.
Conclusion
Natural products, particularly Allium sativum, have gained popularity as alternative treatments for managing hypertension and other lifestyle-related health concerns. With a history rooted in traditional medicine, garlic continues to be recognized for its potential health benefits, including its antihypertensive properties. The review of existing literature suggests that appropriate and judicious use of garlic can aid in controlling hypertension and improving cardiovascular health. As modern society leans toward natural remedies, integrating garlic into daily diets may serve as a valuable complementary strategy against hypertension.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is the main focus of this review article?
The review focuses on the antihypertensive properties of Allium sativum (garlic), discussing its appropriate doses, contraindications, untoward effects, and probable mode of action in controlling hypertension.
What are the primary causes and impact of hypertension?
Hypertension, often termed a silent killer, can result from stress, obesity, and excessive salt intake. It significantly raises the risk of cardiovascular diseases, such as stroke and coronary artery disease, affecting a substantial portion of the adult global population.
What experimental evidence supports garlic's antihypertensive effects?
Studies indicate that garlic reduces blood pressure through various mechanisms, including vasorelaxation and inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme. Evidence from animal models shows significant decreases in blood pressure after garlic consumption, highlighting its therapeutic potential.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “A critical review on anti-hypertensive action of allium sativum�. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Garlic:
Garlic, a common term for Allium sativum, is widely recognized for its medicinal properties, notably its antihypertensive effects. Garlic is a staple in various cuisines and has been traditionally used to manage blood pressure and promote cardiovascular health. Its active compounds like allicin contribute to these health benefits.
2) Allium sativum:
Allium sativum, commonly known as garlic, belongs to the Liliaceae family. It is renowned for its medicinal properties, including antihypertensive and cardiovascular benefits. Garlic's therapeutic effects are attributed to its sulfur-containing compounds, which help lower blood pressure and cholesterol levels.
3) Blood:
Blood pressure is a crucial parameter of cardiovascular health. High blood pressure, or hypertension, is a major risk factor for heart disease and stroke. Garlic, or Allium sativum, is studied for its ability to lower blood pressure by producing hydrogen sulfide, a compound that helps dilate blood vessels.
4) Disease:
Hypertension, a widespread lifestyle disorder, is often termed a 'silent killer' due to its lack of symptoms but significant risk for cardiovascular diseases. Garlic, or Allium sativum, has shown potential for managing hypertension naturally, thus preventing the progression of related cardiovascular diseases.
5) Medicine:
In modern times, despite the availability of numerous antihypertensive drugs, the prevalence of hypertension is increasing. Both historical texts and modern research highlight the medicinal value of garlic (Allium sativum) for its cardiovascular benefits, supporting the notion that 'food be thy medicine'.
6) Food:
Hippocrates, the father of medicine, famously said, 'Let food be thy medicine.' Garlic (Allium sativum) is a prime example, being a common food item with proven medicinal properties, particularly for managing blood pressure. Its incorporation into daily diets offers a natural way to combat hypertension.
7) India:
India is referred to as the global capital of hypertension, with a significant percentage of its population suffering from high blood pressure. The traditional Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, often recommends natural remedies like garlic (Allium sativum) to manage such lifestyle disorders.
8) Ayurveda (Ayus-veda):
Ayurveda, the ancient Indian system of medicine, emphasizes maintaining good health and a balanced lifestyle. Garlic (Allium sativum) is used extensively in Ayurveda for its medicinal properties, including its ability to manage hypertension and improve cardiovascular health.
9) Samhita:
Kashyapa-samhita and Sushruta-samhita are ancient Ayurvedic texts that provide detailed descriptions of various herbs and their medicinal uses. Garlic, referred to as 'Rasona', is mentioned in these texts for its numerous health benefits, including its role in treating Vataja disorders.
10) Death:
High blood pressure increases the risk of life-threatening conditions like stroke and heart attack, accounting for numerous deaths globally. Garlic (Allium sativum) has been studied for its potential to reduce blood pressure and subsequently lower the risk of premature death due to cardiovascular diseases.
11) Drug:
Existing antihypertensive drugs can have side effects and their effectiveness may vary among patients. Garlic (Allium sativum) offers an alternative with its natural antihypertensive properties, making it a valuable addition to conventional drug therapies for managing blood pressure.
12) Family:
Allium sativum, or garlic, belongs to the Liliaceae family, which also includes other medicinally valuable plants. This botanical family is known for its rich content of sulfur compounds, contributing to the health benefits attributed to garlic, including its antihypertensive effects.
13) Powder:
Garlic is available in various forms including powder, oil, extract, and fresh cloves. The chemical composition of garlic powder might differ from fresh garlic, but studies suggest a daily dose of 400-1200 mg of garlic powder can provide comparable antihypertensive benefits.
14) Indian:
In the Indian cultural context, garlic (Allium sativum), also known as 'Rasona', has significant medicinal value. Ayurveda, the traditional Indian system of medicine, extensively documents its use in managing hypertension and enhancing cardiovascular health.
15) Rasa (Rasha):
In Ayurveda, 'Rasa' refers to the essence or taste of a substance. Garlic (Allium sativum) is unique for being 'Rasa amla', meaning it lacks the sour taste. This particular aspect is mentioned in Ayurvedic texts to describe its properties and effects on the body.
16) Kashyapasamhita (Kasyapasamhita, Kashyapa-samhita):
Kashyapa-samhita is an ancient Ayurvedic text that includes extensive references to the medicinal use of garlic, known as 'Rasona'. It details methods of administration, benefits, and specific treatments, highlighting garlic’s role in traditional medicine.
17) Kashyapa (Kasyapa, Kashya-pa, Kashyapanamdana):
Kashyapa, an ancient Ayurvedic scholar, authored the Kashyapa-samhita, which includes detailed descriptions of garlic, or 'Rasona'. His work emphasizes the therapeutic uses of garlic for various health conditions, including its application in cardiovascular health.
18) Rasona:
Rasona is the Sanskrit name for garlic (Allium sativum). Ayurvedic texts such as Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita advocate the use of Rasona for treating Vataja disorders and other health issues, highlighting its ancient medicinal value.
19) Ras (Rash):
Excessive consumption of garlic (Allium sativum) can lead to adverse effects, including skin reactions like rashes. Allergic reactions to garlic may present as contact dermatitis, which includes symptoms like redness and blistering upon handling or consuming garlic.
20) Salt (Salty):
High dietary salt intake is a well-known risk factor for hypertension. Garlic (Allium sativum) offers a natural remedy to manage blood pressure, potentially countering the adverse effects of high salt consumption and improving cardiovascular health.
21) Sushruta-samhita (Susruta-samhita):
Sushruta-samhita, an ancient Ayurvedic text, mentions garlic (Rasona) as a remedy for Vataja disorders. It highlights the use of garlic in various treatments, reflecting its long-standing significance in traditional Indian medicine for managing cardiovascular health.
22) Rasashastra (Rasa-shastra, Rasasastra):
Rasashastra is an Ayurvedic discipline that involves the study of medicinal minerals and metals. While garlic (Rasona) is a plant-based medicine, its significant health benefits and mentions in ancient texts like Rasashastra highlight its importance in comprehensive Ayurvedic treatments.
23) Dravyaguna (Dravya-guna):
Dravyaguna is the Ayurvedic study of medicinal properties of substances. Garlic (Allium sativum), extensively studied in Dravyaguna texts, is recognized for its antihypertensive and cardiovascular benefits, making it a valuable herb in Ayurvedic medicine.
24) Science (Scientific):
Scientific studies on garlic (Allium sativum) validate its traditional use in lowering blood pressure. Research has shown that garlic's sulfur compounds help expand blood vessels, thereby reducing hypertension, corroborating ancient Ayurvedic knowledge with modern science.
25) Amlarasa (Amla-rasa):
Amla-rasa, which means sour taste in Sanskrit, is notably absent in garlic (Allium sativum), making it 'Rasa oona'. This characteristic is specifically mentioned in Ayurvedic texts, adding to the understanding of garlic's unique properties and health benefits.
26) Rasamla (Rasa-amla):
[see source text or glossary: Rasa-amla]
27) Rasayana (Rasa-ayana):
In Ayurveda, Rasayana refers to rejuvenative therapies aimed at promoting longevity and vitality. Garlic (Allium sativum) is often used as a Rasayana for its wide range of health benefits, including its ability to manage blood pressure and improve cardiovascular health.
28) Kshetraja (Ksetraja, Kshetra-ja):
In Kashyapa Samhita, garlic grown in plains is referred to as Ksetraja. It is distinguished from garlic grown in hills (Girija), emphasizing the different qualities and uses of garlic based on its geographic origin.
29) Himalaya (Hima-alaya):
Garlic (Allium sativum) is believed to be indigenous to Central Asia, including regions around the Himalayas. Its cultivation has spread worldwide, but its origins indicate its long-standing use and significance in these ancient cultures.
30) Sanskrit:
Sanskrit is the classical language in which ancient Ayurvedic texts are written. Terms like 'Rasona' for garlic (Allium sativum) are derived from Sanskrit, reflecting its deep integration into the cultural and medicinal traditions of ancient India.
31) Brahmin:
In Kashyapa Samhita, garlic grown in hills (Girija) is said to be used by Brahmins, illustrating its esteemed status and medicinal value in ancient Indian society. This highlights the cultural and therapeutic importance of garlic in Ayurvedic practices.
32) Vertigo:
Excessive consumption of garlic (Allium sativum) can lead to adverse reactions such as vertigo, along with other symptoms like upset stomach and headaches. These side effects highlight the importance of using garlic in appropriate doses.
33) Vaidya:
Vaidya is a traditional Ayurvedic physician. In ancient texts, Vaidyas are recorded as using garlic (Allium sativum) for various therapeutic purposes, reflecting its significant role in traditional medicinal practices.
34) Girija (Giri-ja):
Girija garlic, according to Kashyapa Samhita, is grown in the hills and is considered highly potent and beneficial. This variety of garlic is revered for its medicinal properties and is used by gods, Vaidyas, and Brahmins.
35) Vataja (Vata-ja):
Garlic (Allium sativum) is mentioned in Ayurvedic texts like Charaka Samhita for its efficacy in treating Vataja disorders. Vataja refers to conditions caused by an imbalance of the Vata dosha, and garlic’s properties help in balancing this dosha.
36) Greece:
In ancient Greece, garlic (Allium sativum) was used as a diuretic, medicinal properties that were documented by Hippocrates. This historical use highlights garlic's longstanding recognition as a therapeutic agent across different cultures.
37) Animal:
Animal studies, such as those conducted on hypertensive rats, have demonstrated the significant blood pressure-lowering effects of garlic (Allium sativum), providing scientific evidence to support its traditional medicinal uses.
38) Kalpa:
In Ayurveda, Kalpa refers to a specific preparation or treatment method. Kashyapa-samhita has a chapter called Lashoona Kalpa Aadhyaya, which systematically explains the origin, benefits, and method of administration of garlic.
39) Campu:
[see source text or glossary: Campu]
40) Ayus (Ayush):
AYUSHDHARA is a journal focusing on research in AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy) and allied systems. Studies on garlic (Allium sativum) and its antihypertensive properties are part of such research.
41) Hindi (Himdi):
In Hindi, garlic (Allium sativum) is known as 'Lasun'. This term reflects its common use and cultural significance in India, where it is widely incorporated into both culinary and medicinal practices.
42) Amla:
[see source text or glossary: Amla]
43) Beta:
Garlic’s (Allium sativum) antihypertensive effects might also involve beta-adrenoceptor blocking action, which contributes to its ability to lower blood pressure and improve cardiovascular health.
44) Diet:
Incorporating garlic (Allium sativum) into the diet can offer natural antihypertensive benefits. This aligns with the concept that 'food be thy medicine', promoting the use of dietary measures to prevent and manage health conditions like hypertension.
45) Sour:
Garlic (Allium sativum) is characterized by the absence of sour taste, known in Sanskrit as 'Rasa amla'. This distinct feature is noted in Ayurvedic texts, which describe the unique taste profile and properties of garlic.
Other Science Concepts:
Discover the significance of concepts within the article: �A critical review on anti-hypertensive action of allium sativum�. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:
Allium sativum, Natural product, Historical perspective, Hippocrates, Adverse drug reaction, Cardiovascular disease, Research Studies, Lifestyle disorder, Dosage recommendation, Hypertension, Primary hypertension, Secondary hypertension, Renin-angiotensin system, Antihypertensive drug, Clinical benefit, Garlic preparations, Hydrogen sulfide, Vasorelaxation.