Critical review of Ayurvedic ղṇy herbs and their tyrosinase inhibition effect
Journal name: Ancient Science of Life
Original article title: Critical review of Ayurvedic ղṇy herbs and their tyrosinase inhibition effect
The ANSCI is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal focused on Ayurveda and traditional medicines. It publishes original research, reviews, and literary studies linking traditional knowledge with modern science, covering disciplines like botany, ethnomedicine, pharmacology, and clinical research.
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Khemchand Sharma, Namrata Joshi, Chinky Goyal
Ancient Science of Life:
(A quarterly multi-disciplinary scientific research journal in Ayurveda)
Full text available for: Critical review of Ayurvedic ղṇy herbs and their tyrosinase inhibition effect
Year: 2015
Copyright (license): CC BY-NC-SA
Summary of article contents:
Introduction
The increasing aspiration for a fair complexion has led to a growing demand for natural skin-lightening products compared to synthetic ones. Research in skin-lightening agents, specifically the mechanism of tyrosinase inhibition, is gaining momentum. Ayurveda offers several terms, such as ṇy, ٲ岹Բ, and tvacya, that correlate with modern concepts of skin lightening. The critical review undertaken in this study evaluates twenty herbs recognized for their ṇy properties, examining their modes of action within both Ayurvedic and biomedical frameworks.
The Role of Tyrosinase Inhibition
Tyrosinase, an essential enzyme in the melanogenesis pathway, catalyzes the conversion of tyrosine to melanin, which determines skin pigmentation. Various skin-lightening agents interfere with this process, targeting either the enzymatic actions of tyrosinase or melanin transfer mechanisms to reduce pigmentation. This review highlights that while traditional Ayurvedic texts attribute the concept of ṇy to properties that enhance skin appearance, several herbs evaluated demonstrate significant tyrosinase inhibitory activity. For instance, Śṇṭ (ginger) shows tyrosinase inhibition despite lacking direct Ayurvedic citations for ṇy, indicating potential for broader applications in skin-whitening formulations.
Conclusion
This review serves as an initial effort to bridge Ayurvedic practices with modern biomedical understandings of skin whitening. The evaluated herbs have demonstrated both direct and indirect ṇy properties according to Ayurvedic texts and significant tyrosinase inhibitory effects, suggesting their potential as skin-whitening agents. Further research into other herbs and formulations with recognized ṇy properties is encouraged to explore their efficacy in treating hyperpigmentation and developing effective cosmetic products.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What are ղṇy herbs in Ayurvedic medicine?
ղṇy herbs are traditionally used in Ayurveda to promote skin lightening and enhance complexion. They are believed to improve skin health by alleviating conditions related to vitiated pitta and rakta doshas, which affect skin color and appearance.
How do ղṇy herbs inhibit tyrosinase activity?
ղṇy herbs inhibit tyrosinase, an enzyme crucial for melanin production. They contain various phytochemicals that interfere with melanogenesis, ultimately helping to reduce pigmentation and enhance skin lightening effects through their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
Are ղṇy herbs effective in modern cosmetic applications?
Yes, ղṇy herbs have demonstrated potential as effective skin-whitening agents in modern cosmetics. Studies have shown that many of these herbs exhibit significant tyrosinase inhibition, making them valuable ingredients in formulations aimed at reducing skin pigmentation.
Can you name some ղṇy herbs with significant skin-lightening effects?
Some notable ղṇy herbs include Śveta Candana (Sandalwood), Ჹ (Turmeric), and Kesar (Saffron). Each of these herbs is recognized for their ability to promote skin fairness and brightness through various biological mechanisms.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Critical review of Ayurvedic ղṇy herbs and their tyrosinase inhibition effect�. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Activity:
Activity refers to the functional capabilities or actions that herbs exhibit in a biological context. In the realm of Ayurvedic medicine, the activity of herbs like those with ṇy properties becomes relevant as they are assessed for their potential effects on skin whitening, particularly through mechanisms such as tyrosinase inhibition.
2) ղṇy (Varnya):
ղṇy describes the properties of herbs that are considered beneficial for achieving a beautiful and fair complexion according to Ayurveda. This term encompasses various aspects of skin health, including glow and radiance, and is used in formulations aimed at skin lightening and overall beauty enhancement.
3) Ayurveda (Ayus-veda):
Ayurveda is a traditional system of medicine from India that emphasizes harmony within body, mind, and spirit, addressing health through lifestyle, diet, and herbal treatments. It views health holistically by balancing doshas (body energies), including the role of ṇy herbs in promoting skin health and beauty.
4) Varna:
ղṇa, in Sanskrit, translates to color or complexion in Ayurveda. It represents not just external appearance but also internal health, suggesting that the quality of one's skin reflects their overall wellbeing. Ayurvedic practices aim to enhance varṇa through the use of specific herbs and formulations.
5) Pitta:
Pitta is one of the three doshas in Ayurveda, associated with fire and transformation. It governs digestion, metabolism, and energy. Imbalances in pitta can lead to skin problems and discoloration; therefore, pitta-alleviating herbs are often employed in ṇy formulations for skin health.
6) Rakta:
Rakta, meaning blood in Sanskrit, is considered critical in Ayurveda for maintaining vitality and complexion. It plays an essential role in skin health, with balanced rakta contributing to a radiant appearance. Herbs that purify blood or enhance its quality are key in ṇy treatments.
7) Sharman (Sarma, Sharma, Sarman):
Sharma refers to Khemchand Sharma, one of the authors of the study on ṇy herbs. His research focuses on herbal medicine in Ayurveda and is significant for integrating traditional practices with modern biomedical understandings, which can validate the use of certain herbs for skin issues.
8) Blood:
Blood is vital in Ayurvedic medicine for sustaining life and health, believed to affect the complexion as well. The quality and balance of blood, or rakta, are considered crucial for skin health. Thus, many ṇy herbs are thought to purify or enhance blood's properties.
9) Rasa (Rasha):
Rasa translates to taste or essence in Sanskrit and represents the fundamental qualities of substances in Ayurveda. It also refers to one of the key concepts in rasanāgance, relating to how herbal preparations are formulated and understood in terms of their effects on the body and mind.
10) Rasashastra (Rasa-shastra, Rasasastra):
Rasa-shastra is an ancient Ayurvedic discipline that combines herbal medicine with alchemy. It involves the use of metals and minerals, along with herbs, for medicinal purposes. This field emphasizes transformative processes, highlighting the significance of preparations in enhancing health and skin quality.
11) Shastra (Sastra):
Shastra means science or scripture in Sanskrit. It refers to the traditional texts that outline the principles of Ayurveda and the application of medicinal practices. Understanding these texts is essential for practitioners to apply Ayurvedic knowledge correctly, especially in terms of ṇy formulations.
12) Kalpana:
Kalpana signifies the preparation or formulation of medicinal substances, crucial in Ayurveda. It encompasses the methods by which herbs are transformed into viable treatments. The effectiveness of ṇy formulations derives partly from kalpana, as it determines how herbal properties are extracted and utilized.
13) Haridra:
Ჹ refers to turmeric (Curcuma longa), renowned in Ayurveda for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and skin-lightening properties. Its active component, curcumin, is recognized for tyrosinase inhibition, making haridrā a vital ingredient in ṇy formulations aimed at enhancing skin complexion.
14) Gana:
Ҳṇa denotes a group or category of herbs classified based on shared attributes in Ayurveda. ղṇy gaṇa includes herbs that collectively enhance skin complexion. This classification facilitates the identification and application of these herbs in cosmetic and medicinal formulations.
15) Neem:
Neem (Azadirachta indica) is widely celebrated in Ayurveda for its purifying properties. As a skin treatment, it provides antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory benefits, making it a valuable ingredient in ṇy formulations aimed at promoting healthy, clear skin.
16) Crocus sativus:
Crocus sativus, commonly known as saffron, is prized in Ayurveda and traditional medicine for its ability to enhance skin tone and improve complexion. Its aphrodisiac and antioxidant properties make saffron a sought-after herb in formulations aimed at achieving ṇy effects.
17) Phytochemical:
Phytochemicals are bioactive compounds found in plants, contributing to their medicinal effects. In Ayurveda, the presence of phytochemicals in herbs defines their therapeutic profiles, including ṇy properties, where these compounds work through mechanisms like tyrosinase inhibition to promote skin health.
18) Daruharidra (Daru-haridra):
ܳ (Berberis aristata) is utilized in Ayurveda for its skin-enhancing properties. Its active compound berberine is known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, making it a significant herb in ṇy formulations to address pigmentation and promote an even complexion.
19) Tamala:
ղ refers to a type of cinnamon known for its aromatic qualities and medicinal uses. In Ayurvedic formulations, it contributes to promoting skin health and improving complexion, aligning with the concept of ṇy through its beneficial phytochemical properties.
20) Prabha:
ʰ in Ayurveda denotes radiance or glow of the skin. Factors influencing prabhā include balanced pitta and proper nourishment. Herbal formulations aimed at enhancing prabhā, such as those containing ṇy herbs, are key to achieving desired skin luminosity.
21) Shunthi (Sunthi, Sumthi, Shumthi):
Śṇṭ, or ginger (Zingiber officinale), possesses numerous health benefits, including potential skin lightening effects. Its active components inhibit tyrosinase enzyme activity, highlighting its relevance in ṇy formulations despite not being traditionally identified as a ṇy herb in Ayurveda.
22) Amla:
Ā, or Indian gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica), serves as a potent antioxidant in Ayurveda. Although primarily recognized for its health benefits, its inclusion in ṇy formulations presents its potential to enhance skin complexion through its ability to support overall skin health.
23) Drug:
A drug in the context of Ayurveda encompasses herbal formulations or extracts utilized for therapeutic purposes. ղṇy drugs specifically target skin conditions to enhance complexion and treat hyperpigmentation, illustrating the medicinal value of various herbs in beauty applications.
24) Terminalia chebula:
Terminalia chebula, known as haritaki, is often regarded as a wonder drug in Ayurveda. This herb plays a role in detoxification and skin health, featuring in ṇy formulations to improve complexion and treat several skin ailments.
25) Prunus cerasoides:
Prunus cerasoides, also called padmaka in Ayurveda, is noted for its skin benefits, primarily to enhance complexion. Its active compounds contribute to skin lightening effects, aligning with the broader goals of ṇy formulations to promote healthy skin.
26) Cyperus rotundus:
Cyperus rotundus, known as mustaka, is used for treating blood disorders in Ayurveda, indirectly influencing skin health. Its phytochemicals may have antioxidant and anti-pigmentation properties, thus making it a potential candidate in ṇy formulations for skin lightening.
27) Curcuma longa:
Curcuma longa, or turmeric, is a highly revered herb in Ayurveda, recognized for its multiple skin benefits, including anti-inflammatory and skin-lightening properties. Its components like curcumin are pivotal in ṇy formulations, underscoring its role in achieving skin radiance.
28) Mahakashaya (Mahakasaya, Maha-kashaya):
Ѳ첹ṣҲ refers to a specific class of Ayurvedic formulations that incorporate multiple herbs into a single therapeutic preparation. This category often includes ṇy herbs, enhancing their effectiveness in promoting a healthy complexion and overall skin health.
29) Prasadana:
ʰ岹Բ means to brighten or improve, particularly regarding skin complexion in Ayurveda. In the context of ṇy, it describes the desired effects sought from herbal formulations, aiming to alleviate conditions affecting skin appearance, thus yielding a clearer and more radiant complexion.
30) Knowledge:
Knowledge in Ayurveda is rooted in experiential and textual wisdom regarding the use of herbs and their healing properties. Understanding the roles of various herbs and their effects on health and beauty is crucial for effective treatment and formulation of ṇy products.
31) Medicine:
Medicine in the Ayurvedic context encompasses herbal formulations, dietary practices, and lifestyle changes aimed at maintaining health balance. ղṇy medicine particularly focuses on improving skin health and appearance, demonstrating Ayurveda's holistic approach to beauty and wellness.
32) Turmeric:
Turmeric, synonymous with haridrā, is renowned for its anti-inflammatory and skin rejuvenating properties in Ayurveda. Its active compounds, especially curcumin, play a critical role in inhibiting tyrosinase, making turmeric integral to various ṇy formulations targeted at skin lightening.
33) Padmaka:
Padmaka, identified as Prunus cerasoides, is acknowledged in Ayurveda for its skin-lightening benefits. Its ability to improve complexion aligns with ṇy traditions, emphasizing the holistic benefits of its use in various topical applications and formulations.
34) Khadira:
徱 (Acacia catechu) is recognized in Ayurveda for its astringent properties and benefits for maintaining skin health. Its efficacy as a potential skin-lightening agent underlines its importance in ṇy formulations aimed at treating various skin conditions.
35) Leprosy:
Leprosy, known as a skin disease in Ayurveda, often necessitates treatments with herbs that exhibit cleansing and purifying qualities. ղṇy herbs' role in alleviating skin disorders, including leprosy, emphasizes their therapeutic potential in Ayurvedic practices addressing skin health.
36) Vetiver:
Vetiver, specifically Vetiveria zizanoides, is an eco-friendly herb known for its aromatic and healing properties. It has applications in skincare formulations due to its antioxidant and anti-pigmentation effects, supporting its relevance in ṇy formulations for enhancing skin complexion.
37) Chaya:
represents the shadow, or external appearance of one’s skin in Ayurveda. It is closely related to the concepts of beauty and complexion, with ṇy herbs being leveraged to improve chāyā, thereby enhancing the overall aesthetic qualities of the skin.
38) Taila:
Taila refers to oils in Ayurveda, often derived from various herbs and used for therapeutic applications. ղṇy taila incorporates skin-enhancing properties aimed at improving complexion and nourishing the skin, showcasing the integral role of oils in Ayurvedic preparations.
39) Eladi (Ela-adi):
徱 is a group of herbs identified in Ayurveda for their properties promoting beauty and skin health. This classification emphasizes the collective utility of various ingredients in formulations designed for skin lightening and improvement, contributing to the overall effectiveness of ṇy applications.
40) Nimba:
Nimba, commonly known as neem, is revered in Ayurveda for its purifying effects on the skin. Its incorporation into ṇy formulations showcases its ability to address multiple skin issues, leveraging its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties for promoting clearer skin.
41) Agni:
Agni refers to the digestive fire in Ayurveda, a fundamental aspect of health that influences overall wellbeing. Its balance is essential for metabolic processes that affect skin health, thus herbs that enhance agni are critical in ṇy formulations targeting improved complexion.
42) Salt (Salty):
Salt in Ayurveda is considered crucial for balancing bodily elements. Its usage in herbal preparations often complements other therapeutic benefits, influencing skin health. The relevance of salt extends to formulations aiming at detoxification and promoting complexion enhancements in ṇy traditions.
43) Cinnamomum zeylanicum:
Cinnamomum zeylanicum, or true cinnamon, is valued in Ayurveda for its aromatic properties and health benefits. It can enhance skin quality, with formulations incorporating this herb potentially contributing to skin lightening, thereby aligning with ṇy practices related to beautification.
44) Vetiveria zizanoides:
Vetiveria zizanoides, known commonly as vetiver, is notable for its therapeutic and aromatic qualities in Ayurveda. Its applications in skincare recognize its potential for improving skin condition and achieving a radiant complexion, making it significant in ṇy formulations.
45) Phyllanthus emblica:
Phyllanthus emblica, or amla, is an essential component in Ayurvedic medicine recognized for its high antioxidant capacity. Its applications in skin health reinforce its importance in ṇy treatments, contributing to the maintenance of radiant and youthful complexion.
46) Zingiber officinale:
Zingiber officinale, or ginger, is a widely-used herb in Ayurveda valued for its numerous health benefits. Its inclusion in ṇy formulations highlights its ability to enhance skin radiance and its active components' role in reducing pigmentation through enzyme inhibition.
47) Glycyrrhiza glabra:
Glycyrrhiza glabra, also known as liquorice, is valued in Ayurveda for its skin-lightening and soothing properties. As an active ingredient in various formulations, it supports ṇy properties, enhancing skin tone and texture by inhibiting melanin production.
48) Symplocos racemosa:
Symplocos racemosa, known as lodhra, is utilized in Ayurveda for its cleansing and skin-soothing effects. Its applications in ṇy formulations focus on improving skin quality, making it relevant for treating various skin disorders and achieving better complexion.
49) Azadirachta indica:
Azadirachta indica, commonly known as neem, is extensively used for its antibacterial and purifying qualities in Ayurveda. Its significance in ṇy formulations is highlighted through its efficacy in treating skin ailments and improving overall skin health.
50) Hemidesmus indica:
Hemidesmus indica, referred to as anantamūla, is used in Ayurveda for its blood-purifying and cooling properties. Its role in ṇy formulations aligns with its potential to enhance skin complexion, contributing to clearer and healthier-looking skin.
51) Cinnamomum cassia:
Cinnamomum cassia, known as cassia, is recognized for its aromatic properties and is used in Ayurveda to enhance skin benefits. Its active components support skin-lightening effects, reinforcing its relevance in ṇy formulations aimed at achieving a fairer complexion.
52) Berberis aristata:
Berberis aristata, known as dāruharidrā, is appreciated in Ayurveda for its skin-enhancing properties. Its active constituent, berberine, demonstrates skin-lightening effects, reinforcing its position as a significant herb in ṇy preparations aimed at improving complexion.
53) Rubia cordifolia:
Rubia cordifolia, or mañjiṣṭhā, is esteemed in Ayurveda for its reputation as a blood purifier and skin tonic. Its potential in ṇy formulations lies in its abilities to improve skin color and tone, supporting overall skin health and appearance.
54) Nelumbo nucifera:
Nelumbo nucifera, often referred to as lotus, is celebrated for its beauty-enhancing properties in Ayurveda. Its parts are utilized for skin health, contributing to ṇy effects as a natural means of promoting a glowing and nourished complexion.
55) Saussurea lappa:
Saussurea lappa, known as kuṣṭha in Ayurveda, is indicated for various skin disorders. Its potential role in ṇy formulations emphasizes its therapeutic properties that aid in enhancing complexion and addressing skin conditions.
56) Santalum album:
Santalum album, or sandalwood, is recognized for its skin-soothing and fragrant properties in Ayurveda. Its incorporation in ṇy formulations heightens the sensory appeal and offers rejuvenating effects, supporting skin health and improved complexion.
57) Acacia catechu:
Acacia catechu, known as khādira, is revered in Ayurveda for its astringent and purifying properties. Its role in ṇy formulations underscores its importance in addressing skin issues and promoting a clear, bright complexion.
58) Mesua ferrea:
Mesua ferrea, or nāgakesara, is used in Ayurveda for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory qualities. Its applications in skin care highlight its beneficial effects in ṇy formulations designed to improve complexion and maintain overall skin health.
59) Bhrajakapitta (Bhrajaka-pitta):
Ჹ첹-辱ٳٲ is a subtype of pitta dosha in Ayurveda, specifically responsible for skin radiance and complexion. Balancing bhrājaka-pitta is essential for achieving healthy skin, making it a focus in the application of ṇy herbs that support skin improvement.
60) Shvetacandana (Svetacandana, Shveta-candana, Shvetacamdana):
Śٲ-Ի岹Բ denotes white sandalwood (Santalum album), known for its cooling and soothing properties. In Ayurveda, it is used in cosmetic formulations to promote clear and radiant skin, aligning with the goals of ṇy therapies for enhancing complexion.
61) Raktadhatu (Rakta-dhatu):
鲹ٲ-ٳ refers to the blood tissue in Ayurveda and is critical for maintaining overall vitality and skin health. It is believed that enhancing rakta-dhātu contributes to a better complexion, thus emphasizing the importance of purifying herbs in ṇy preparations.
62) Alleviation:
Alleviation refers to the process of reducing or lessening discomfort or imbalance. In Ayurveda, alleviating conditions causing poor skin quality or complexion is important; therefore, herbs with ṇy properties focus on alleviating dosha disturbances to promote healthy skin.
63) Nagakesara (Nagakeshara, Naga-kesara):
岵, or Mesua ferrea, is recognized in Ayurveda for its therapeutic and skin-enhancing properties. While not widely known, its potential to improve complexion and treat skin-related issues highlights its significance in ṇy formulations.
64) Madhuyashti (Madhuyasti, Madhu-yashti):
Ѳܲⲹṣṭ, or Glycyrrhiza glabra (liquorice), is considered beneficial in Ayurveda for skin lightening and soothing effects. Its usage in ṇy formulations supports its status as a staple herb for achieving a fairer and healthier complexion.
65) Anantamula (Ananta-mula, Anamtamula):
ԲԳٲū refers to Hemidesmus indica, which possesses purifying properties recognized in Ayurveda. Its traditional use in skin formulations aims to promote overall health and improve skin appearance, aligning with the goals of ṇy herbs.
66) Pittadosha (Pittadosa, Pitta-dosha):
ʾٳٲ-ṣa represents the imbalances in the pitta dosha, often leading to skin issues like pigmentation and inflammation. Effective ṇy treatments focus on balancing pitta-doṣa, thereby contributing to improved skin health and clarity.
67) Anti-aging:
Anti-aging signifies treatments or products aimed at reducing the appearance of aging on the skin. In Ayurveda, several herbs employed for their ṇy properties also possess anti-aging benefits, promoting a youthful and vibrant complexion through skin health improvement.
68) Discussion:
Discussion in the context of the research involves analyzing findings and their implications on the effectiveness of ṇy herbs. It provides insights into the relevance of these herbs within Ayurvedic and modern scientific paradigms, particularly regarding their skin-lightening abilities.
69) Science (Scientific):
Science within the Ayurveda context emphasizes empirical studies and research validating traditional practices. The integration of scientific approaches in evaluating ṇy herbs supports their application in cosmetic formulations and enhances understanding of their effectiveness, bridging ancient wisdom and modern knowledge.
70) Manjishtha (Manjistha, Mamjishtha):
Ѳñᾱṣṭ (Rubia cordifolia) is recognized in Ayurveda as a potent herb for skin health. Its properties support even skin tone and clarity. Its inclusion in ṇy formulations emphasizes its effectiveness in treating skin pigmentation and enhancing overall appearance.
71) Mahabhuta (Maha-bhuta):
Ѳūٲ refers to the five great elements (earth, water, fire, air, ether) that Ayurveda asserts form the foundation of all matter. Understanding mahābhūta helps in comprehending the complex interactions between herbs, body types, and their impact on skin health and beauty.
72) Candanadi (Candana-adi):
䲹Ի岹徱 denotes a category of Ayurvedic formulations that integrate sandalwood and other herbs. This group of products is intended to enhance skin benefits associated with ṇy, showcasing sandalwood’s significant properties in skin health and cosmetic applications.
73) Kunkumadi (Kunkuma-adi):
ṅkܳ徱 is an Ayurvedic formulation that incorporates saffron and is celebrated for its skin-enhancing properties. This product is frequently used to promote radiance and fairness, thus aligning with the principles of ṇy and beautification in Ayurveda.
74) Liquorice (Licorice):
Liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) is appreciated in Ayurvedic tradition for its skin-lightening and anti-inflammatory effects. Its inclusion in ṇy formulations enhances its reputation as an effective herb for addressing skin conditions and promoting a radiant complexion.
75) Vitiation (Vitiated):
Vitiated denotes the state of imbalance in Ayurvedic terms, particularly concerning doshas that can lead to skin disorders. Identifying and addressing vitiated states is crucial in utilizing ṇy herbs effectively to promote skin health and proper functioning.
[Note: The above list is limited to 75. Total glossary definitions available: 109]
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