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CONCLUSION 625 weaving, gold-smithery, iron-smithery and capentry were prevalent.
Trade and commerce engaged a sufficient portion of the populace.
People engaged in other professions were preceptors, teachers, astrolo-
gers, interpretors of signs, omens and dreams, physicians, masons,
sculptors, musicians, dancers, charcoal makers, wood gatherers,
fishermen, hunters, fowlers and trappers. Some people derived their
sustenance from state and private services. Valuable metals and
minerals, jewels and precious stones enriched the economic conditions
of the rich and the nobles. Trade and commerce flourished in big
cities and capital. Main routes of trade were by land and water.
Carts, oxen. bisons and donkeys were the main conveyances for trade
while passenger vehicles and palanquins for journeys.
Political conditions :-India was divided into several monarchical
states with the king as the head administrator who was helped by
various organs of Government. The Paumacariya峁� generally gives us a
picture of feudalism. Kings followed the policy of aggrandisement and
annexed the weaker kingdoms and principalities to their own states by
conquering them. Powerful kings were dominated by the idea of
becoming Cakravartin kings i.e. Paramount lords. Sometimes barba-
rian tribes are evidenced as invading north India and the Vindhya
region, There was proper arrangement of judiciary for maintaining law
and order. Kings maintained fourfold army for defence and invasion.
Various kinds of weapons and missiles were used in battles, the bow
holding a prominent place.
Religious conditions :-Jain monks and nuns travelled from place
to place and instructed the lay devotees in religion and ethics. They
performed various types of austerities and sojourned in caves, jungles,
gardens and temples. Idol worship was very common among the Jainas.
Salutation, eulogy and worship of the Jinas was the daily routine of
them. Worship of the Saptar峁�is (other than those of Brahmanical
following) had also become popular. A峁ａ弓膩hnika parva was celebrated
thrice a year. Pilgrimage to holy places was popular.
Among the non-Jainas the Tapasas were commonly seen staying
in 膩艣ramas and sometimes moving outside. Rudra, Siva, Caturmukha,
Indra, Skanda and Soma were the chief deities which were worshipped
by the followers of Brahmanism. The cult of animal sacrifice was also
prevale among them. Besides, forest deities and Yak峁�as were the
deities
popular worship.
On the whole there was a religious tolerance as we find that the
Jainas adressed their T墨rthankaras even with the names of Brahma-
nical deities.
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