Essay name: Paumacariya (critical study)
Author:
K. R. Chandra
Affiliation: Research institute of Prakrit, Jainology and Ahimsa Vaishali
This is a critical study of the Paumacariya: the earliest Jain version of Rama's life story, written in Prakrit by Vimalasuri dating to the 4th century AD. In this text, Rama (referred to as Padma) is depicted with lotus-like eyes and a blooming face. The Paumacariya places emphasis on the human aspects of characters rooted in Jain values, contrasting with the divine portrayal in Valmiki鈥檚 version.
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LITERARY EVALUATION 啶ㄠ啶� - 啶膏さ啷嵿さ啶ㄠ啶ㄠ ( 啶膏ぐ啷嵿さ啶溹啶� 啷оイ啷оォ), 啶溹え啷嵿え ( 啶啷嵿 啷� | 啷ォ ), 啶掂た啶ㄠ啶ㄠぞ啶� ( 啶掂た啶溹啶炧ぞ啶� 啷ㄠカ [nna - savvannu ( sarvaj帽a 1|13), janna ( yaj帽a 1 | 53 ), vinn膩峁嘺 ( vij帽膩na 25] /啷ㄠカ ) 啶溹啶� -- 啶ぃ啷嬥啷嵿 ( 啶え啷嬥啷嵿 啷イ啷ク), 啶呧ぃ啷佮啷嵿 (啶啶班啷嵿啶� 啷┼ギ | 啷ㄠカ ) [25 ) jja -- ma峁噊jja ( manoj帽a 8|59), a峁噓jja (praj帽膩 38 | 25 ) ] 561 Vararuci (3.44) and Hemacnndra ( 8.2.42,83 ) do not sanction
the change of 'J帽a' into 'nna', but in the Ardham膩gadh墨 it is observed
(Pischel, 105,276).
'Jna' prceded by prohibitive particle 'na' or affix 'pari' is treated
as medial consonant (Pischel, 107 ) and so "ja" drops its consonant :-
啶�撪く啶距 (啷� [ya鈥搚膩i (2] 1啷оク), 啶� 鈥� 啶ぞ啶｀じ啶� 啷オ [19), na 鈥� y膩峁嘺si 64 ] / 啷ク, 啶ㄠく啶距ぃ啶膏 啷оェ啷むキ啷�, 啶ぐ啶苦く啶距ぃ啶距ぎ啶� 啷ガ 啷� 啷оオ.
[99, nay膩峁嘺se 11|71, pariy膩峁嚹乵i 86 | 14.
] The conjuncts are simplified by various processes like :-
(i) by dropping one of the member-'vihala' (vihval 71.42);
or (ii) by turning one of the member ( usually ira') into anusv膩r:-
啶︵啶膏ぃ ( 啶︵ぐ啷嵿ざ啶� 啷ㄠエ啷ギ), 啶呧啶膏 ( 啶多啶班ざ啷嵿ぐ啷� 啷ギ [da峁僺a峁嘺 ( dar艣ana 2268), a峁僺u ( 艣ra艣ru 78] /啷�), 啶溹啶� ( 啶溹げ啷嵿お 啷� | 啷оキ啷�) [9), ja峁僷a ( jalpa 5 | 177)] ;
or (iii) by inserting a vowel in the middle of the conjuct:鈥�
啶� - 啶班く啶� (啶班い啷嵿え 啷�.啷оォ ), 啶啶� -- 啶溹ぞ啶｀ぞ啶掂ぃ ( 啶溹啶炧ぞ啶え 啷оク啷ギ ), 啶� 鈥� 啶膏す啶班た啶� ( 啶膏す啶班啶�
啷ェ啷むエ啷�), 啶� 鈥� 啶膏げ啶距す ( 啶多啶侧ぞ啶� 啷ウ啷むェ啷�), 啶� - - 啶膏た啶侧啶� ( 啶多啶侧啶� 啷оイ啷ㄠエ ), 啶� 鈥� 啶膏啶ぐ ( 啶膏啶ぐ
啷ガ啷むオ啷�).
[a - raya峁嘺 (ratna 1.13 ), pra -- j膩峁嚹乿a峁嘺 ( j帽膩pana 1988 ), i 鈥� saharisa ( sahar峁
71|22), a 鈥� sal膩ha ( 艣l膩gha 70|12), i - - silesa ( 艣le峁 1|22 ), u 鈥� sumara ( smara
96|43).
] SANDHI
The rules of Sandhi are not followed strictly.
There is no Sandhi when the vowel is left by elimination :-
啶ㄠ啶� ( 啶ㄠ啷佮げ 啷ガ啷むェ啷� ), 啶溹 ( 啶う啶� 啷┼エ [naula ( nakula 66|14 ), jai ( yadi 32] /啷ギ),
[68),
] Exception 鈥� 啶啶多啶班 ( 啶た啶� - 啶︵啶掂た啶む啶 啷� 啷� 啷оオ啷� ) .
鈥�
[b墨艣ro ( bi墨 - dvit墨ya岣� 5 | 146 ) .
鈥�
] Sometimes there is no sandhi in compounds also-
啶啶班ぞ啶｀ぞ啶囙じ啷嵿じ啶班た啶� 啷イ啷ㄠキ啷�, 啶す啷佮啶苦ぐ啶苦啶掂ぐ啶� 啷оェ啷カ, 啶ぐ啶苦さ啶距ぁ啷�啶多啶班ぞ啶椸じ啶� 啷┼ェ啷むェ啷︵ガ [pr膩峁嚹乮ssariya 5|270, mahugiriuvari 1145, pariv膩岣嵞況膩gasa峁� 31|106] ;
-
-
Generally there is no Sandhi in the sentences also:-
啶掂啷嵿啷囙す 啶囙お啶� 啷оオ啷むェ啷ギ, 啶灌啶灌 啶啶灌 啷イ啷ギ, 啶囙え啷嵿う啷� 啶囙さ 啷ェ啷�, 啶 啶呧啶膏え啶距ぃ啷� 啷イ啷оガ啷�
[vajjeha ipa峁� 14|148, hoh墨 mha峁� 7|68, indo iva 714, me aisan膩峁嚹� 7|167
] Sometimes the ending vowel of a word disappears when the
initial vowel of the next word forms Sandhi;
-
啶むた啶溹啷佮い啷嵿い啶� (啶む啶班た啶溹 --- 啶夃い啷嵿い啶� 啷� [tijaguttama (trijaga --- uttama 1] 1啷�), 啶啶� ( 啶ぃ啶� - 啶囙す 啷оウ啷ㄠオ啷�),
[3), bhaiha ( bha峁嘺i - iha 10248),
] Sometimes the Sandhi is avoided by inserting a labial nasal
between two words:
-
啶膏啶灌ぐ啶灌ぎ啶距 啷┼キ啷むェ啷�, 啶膏啶じ啶距ぐ啶｀ぎ啶距啶忇じ啷� 啷ェ啷むォ啷�, 啶忇啷嵿啶啶曕啶曕ぞ 啷ェ啷むエ啷� [s墨haraham膩墨 37|11, suyas膩ra峁嘺m膩iesu 71|34, ekkamekk膩 71|25 ] ;
There are some survivals of Sanskrit Sandhi-
啶啶｀ぐ啷佮い啶� 啷イ啷ォ, 啶ㄠた啶膏啶膏啶� [pu峁嘺ruta峁� 4|73, nissa峁僰a ] 81啷┼エ, 啶︵啶氞啶氞ぐ啶苦く ( 啶︵啶多啶氞ぐ啶苦い 啷ォ | 啷оォ啷� )
[32, duccariya ( du艣carita 53 | 131 )
] 36
