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ECONOMIC, POLITICAL & RELIGIOUS CONDITIONS 485
Jaina Ascetics :
The Jaina monastic organsisation consisted of monks and nuns.
The monk has been variously called as Sama峁嘺 (4. 72), S膩hu (14. 111;
13. 18), Nigganatha (2. 55; 32. 60), Jaivara (yativara 82. 12), Maharisi
(4. 73; 14. 111) and Muni (6, 147) whereas the nun as 膧ry膩 (2. 56;
103. 165) and Sama峁嚹� (105. 53). The act of getting initiated into the
asceitc order called ordination is termed as Sama峁嘺dikkh膩 (21. 55),
Niggantham (1.88), Ji峁嘺dikkh膩 (30.30), Jinavaradikkh膩 (21.84),
Jaina paramadikkham (3.136), Pavaradikkh膩 (5.250), Pavvajja峁�
(6. 147), S膩ma峁囜箛a (1. 36), and Samanatta (39. 62). It is also called as
entering the Tapovana (111. 5). The organisational head of the nuns is
called Sayalaganap膩l墨 (39. 48) while the chief of the smaller unit of the
organisation as Mayahariy膩 (102. 49-mahattarik膩).
There is a single reference to a 艢vet膩mbara monk鹿-i. e. the
monk wearing white clothes but the naked monks i. e. the Digambaras
are nowhere explicitly referred to. The nuns are referred to be putting
on white garments (102. 60; 103. 165). Rajoharana (Rayaharana) i. e.
the broom of woolen threads or peacock feathers was a necessary equip-
ment of theirs (monks and nuns 114.15).
Those who entered the ascestic order had to give up kingdom,
wife, sons, money and wealth (5.163). They had to be free from all
wordly pleasures (nivvi峁囜箛ak膩mabhoga 5.200) and had to restrain
themselves from taking delight in any wordly object (paricayai
visayasokkham 5.39). All the wordly possessions had no meaning for
them and they had to give up all the injurious professions and
activities (caiu峁嘺 pariggaha 膩rambha 13.40). They had to be free from
all the attachments hence one who took ordination was called
'vosariyasavvasanga' (4.52; 5.241); 'nissanga (29.33); 'savvasangao
mukkam' (6.98) and 'sangaparih墨峁嘺峁�' (9.43). Before entering the
ascetic order one took due permission of his parents and other relatives
(106.45). The ceremony either in case of a male or a female was
performed by voluntry uprooting of five handfuls of hair from the head
(3.136; 102.46).
Causes of Renouncement:-The sole cause of accepting the life of an
ascetic as depicted in the PCV is the disgust with wordly miseries
which affected wordly persons in various ways and thus prepared
1. The PCV narrates that Sod膩sa, king of Ayodhy膩 was dethroned and expelled
from the state on account of being addicted to taking human flesh, He
happened to meet a Svet膩mbara monk (Siyambara) in the Dak峁�i峁嘺desa. He
listened to his religious discourse and then became a 艢r膩vaka. Further he is
said to have become the king of Mah膩pura (22. 72-91).