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ECONOMIC, POLITICAL & RELIGIOUS CONDITIONS 467 Justice and Law :-King was the judiciary head. He decided the
suits, seated on Dharm膩sana (105.100) i.e. the seat of justice. He used
to consult learned Panditas whenever a suit came before him in the
court (41.62.77;105.100). The suit instituted in the court was
called Vyavah膩ra (41.62; 105.102).
Police and Jail :-The policemen are referred to as Da峁囜笉ap膩sikas
(82.48) and the Jail as Carageha (3.11; 8.74). Jail equipment just as
chains (sa峁卥ala 53.119, 142) and iron fetters (niyala=niga岣峚 8.74) are
also mentioned.
Toll and Tax-Under the reign of R膩ma and Lak峁�ma峁嘺, as said
in the PCV, their subjects were happy and they were not required to pay
any toll or tax to the state (Karabharahio-80.17).
Crime and Punishment :鈥擳here are allusions to robbers and dacoits
(g膩magaradesagh膩ya 14.15). Smugglers and thieves are referred to
(takkara 2.7 & cora 14.15). Burglaries were committed even into the
royal palaces (5.85; 33.72). The cases
The cases
of adultery are evidenced
among the common people (46.64%; 82.47), the person of high position
(39.42) and the royal class also (82.37). Murders were committed
(5.89; 103.4) generally in the cases of adultery (39.42, 46;82.37; 82.49).
Guilty persons were punished. Thus a purohita who swindled the
valuables of a Va峁噄k is said to have been expelled from the state (nivv膩-
sio 5 34). Kau峁璱lya recommends expulsion for a Brahmin also who
commits theft (IV. 8.33-38). In another similar case capital punish-
ment was inflicted upon a Brahmin (s奴l膩e nirovio 34.46). But he was
granted pardon on the intervention of a Va峁噄k who perhaps might have
paid a heavy penalty in cash (34.47). Manu (8.337) recommends
severe punishment for a Brahmin thief but grants him immunity from
amputation of limbs and capital punishment. Further it is mentioned
in the PCV that tho whole village was burnt to ashes by a king on 谩cco-
unt of the guilt of a single villageman who had committed theft
(5.208).
Adultery committed in the royal house was punished severely. A
Brahmin who was caught dallying with a queen was given the punish-
ment of amputation of his limbs (a峁�峁環anganiggaha 88.12). Kautilya
lays down that such a criminal should be burnt to death (4.11.17). If
the criminal happened to be a Brahmin he should be given life-long
imprisonment (tama岣� prave艣yet 4.11.18). Manu (8.383-385) says that
a Brahmin who commits adultery should not be awarded the punish-
ment af death, he may be fined.
艢rama峁嘺s and T膩pasas were not immune from the punishment. A
艢rama峁嘺 who was falsely charged with entry into the harem was