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ECON脫MIC, POLITICAL & RELIGIOUS CONDITIONS 453 flywhisk (68.39) indicates that the hair of Yak were utilised for it. The
lac (23.22) was certainly a forest-produce of fig trees. Then there were
the fruits and spices which largely constituted the produce of the forest-
trees.
Trade and Commerce:-There are several references to merchants
(Vania 2.10;103.9;48.21) and trade (V膩峁噄jja 33.96;3.116). The market
is denoted by 膧va峁嘺 (80.61;35.29). The dealers in liquids, poison
(Rasa 14.26, Visa 14.20) and gems (5.33) are mentioned.
mentioned.
Bhanda
(63.64) denotes perhaps the manufactured articles of merchandise in
general or the vessels of metal. Besides them, no other article of trade
is mentioned. The VGA (p. 329) informs us that different varieties of
cloth, food-grain, spices, salt, bullion and precious stones were most pro-
bably the main articles of internal trade.
The capital cities were generally the centres of great business.
Rajag峁沨a (2.10) used to be visited by merchants from various parts of
the country. A merchant (Setthi) of Gajapura is referred to have gone
to S膩ketpura loading his merchandise on he-buffaloes (63.63). Then
there is mentioned another merchant of Kundanagara who (33.66) went
to Ujjaina on trade-tour.
As far as
Trade was carried by two routes viz. land and water.
the latter is concerned no specific route is mentioned. There are allu-
sions to water-route in the references to ship (Poa 2.44;3.129) which is
called the only saviour of a merchant in the sea. The falling of gems in
the sea is also mentioned (94.67;14.106;45.34).Traders travelling by ship
are mentioned (5.83;48.21).References to C墨峁嘺峁僺uka (102.121), Turukka
(2.11) and D墨峁嚹乺a (68.32) indicate that India had trade relations with
China, Turkey and Rome by sea-routes. Two merchants of Ko艣膩mb墨
(55.31) are stated to have gone on trade to the 'parak奴la' by J膩峁嘺vatta
(ship). They had sold their Bhanda (merchandise) and brought gems in
exchange. Here 'parakula" should mean the other side of the river
Jamuna. It indicates that river were used as an effective water-route.
There are refrerences to S膩rthav膩h膩s (Satth膩ha) who used to go
from place to place for trade and sometimes they had to traverse
dreadful forests (adavimajjha biha峁嘺yam 14.33).
As regards the land routes there are two specific references, viz.
Gajapura to S膩keta (63.64) and Kundanagara to Ujjaina (33.66).
Trading Accessories:-Weighing and measurement of quantity are
referred to as Tul膩 (2.90;14.26) respectively.
1. The other bank of the Ganges where Sit膩 was abandoned is referred to as
'parakula (94.53).