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SOCIAL CONDITIONS 329 The PCV refers to some other professionals without mentioning
their caste. They were the interpretors (nemittiya 5.68;48.86) of
marks and omens, the expositors of dreams (sumine-nemittio 7.80).
the astrologers (nakkhatta p膩岣峢aya & ga峁噄ya峁嚺� 17.106, 112) and the
physicians (vejj膩 65. 42;110, 27). By their very professions it can be
inferred that they belonged to the higher grade of society. The
Buddacarita refers to the interpreters of nimittas as Brahmins (Vipr膩艣ca
..nimitt膩ni vic膩rya, 1.31) who prophesied the future of lord
Buddha and they were offered presents of wealth by the king (1.46).
艢奴dra::鈥昑he 艢奴dras are mentioned to be constituting the lowest
class of the society. They pursued the professions of lower grade and
served the other classes (niyakamma峁噄raya parapesa峁嘺-k膩ray膩 3. 117).
The AP (16.185-186) states that the S奴dras were assigned the duty
of serving other three classes and they were divided into two classes,
viz. K膩ru and Ak膩ru. The artisans and craftsmen came under the
K膩ru class and those who lived by peforming services constituted the
Ak膩ru class. Manu lays down that if the
艢奴dras are not able to
serve the higher castes, they may live by the means of K膩rukarma.
The K盲rukarmas are said to be various artisan and craft-works
(Silp膩ni 10 99-100). According to the above definitions the following
professionals, mentioned in the PCV can be put under this lower grade.
The weaver (kuvinda 21.2), the potter (kumbh膩ra 5.207), the painter
(cittay膩ra 1.21), the mason (sippi 78.48), the garland-maker (sippi
yakayam膩l膩 6.175); and along with these the acrobats, dancers and
bamboo-players (nadana峁�峁璦chattalankhay膩 2.5) also belonged to the
lower caste. Then there were the betel-leaf dealers (tamboliya 77.90)
the fowlers (loddhaya 49.26), p膩raddhifandiya 6.140), the hunters (v膩h膩
82.52), the fiishermen (dh墨vara 55. 42; 82. 43), macchabandh膩 (14. 15),
the trappers (v膩uriya 14. 15), the wood-gatherers (ta峁嘺d膩ruj墨viy膩
31. 44; 103. 30), and the charcoal-makers (膩liv墨y膩 =膩d墨pik膩岣� 14. 15)
who lived on lower type of professions.
The kinkaras (mentioned as bath-givers 90. 7; and menial servants
35. 34) and kammak膩ras (17. 7. working as cart drivers) can be taken
as performing services under the people of higher castes.
The slaves are referred to as D膩sas. They were put to the service
of the Jaina temples (ji峁嘺-hara-nioga-karane 5. 102). Their status can
be inferred from a simile. It is said that Bharata, Lavana and Anku艣a
had subjugated the land like a slave-girl (d膩s墨vvavas墨kay膩 5. 179; 99.
18). It indicates that they were completely dependent at the mercy of
their masters.