Essay name: Paumacariya (critical study)
Author:
K. R. Chandra
Affiliation: Research institute of Prakrit, Jainology and Ahimsa Vaishali
This is a critical study of the Paumacariya: the earliest Jain version of Rama's life story, written in Prakrit by Vimalasuri dating to the 4th century AD. In this text, Rama (referred to as Padma) is depicted with lotus-like eyes and a blooming face. The Paumacariya places emphasis on the human aspects of characters rooted in Jain values, contrasting with the divine portrayal in Valmiki’s version.
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194
A CRITICAL STUDY OF PAUMACARIYA�
made the chief queen. Distressed Virasena became a monk and was
reborn as a celestial being. Once the case of a 'paradÄrika' or adultery
was instituted in the court. Madhu sought advice of CandrÄbhÄ. She
said that the adulterer should be worshipped. It was a slur on the
character of the king himself. The king realised his sin and renounced
the world along with his brother, Kaiá¹abha. CandrÄbhÄ also accepted
nunhood. After performing severe penances Madhu and Kaiá¹abha
ascended to the Acyuta Kalpa and became Indra and Prati-Indra
respectively. CandrÄbhÄ also became a goddess.
The PCR (109.35-173) and the RPS (p. 192f) mention the name
of the sons of Samudra and DhÄriṇi of AyodhyÄ (SÄketa) as
Pūrṇabhadra and Kañcanabhadra (109-130 ). They further mention
Nyagrodhanagara for Vaá¸anagara. The Vasudevahiná¸Ä� (I. pp. 85-91)
mentions them in their previous births as jackals; as Agnibhuti and
VayubhÅ«ti; as celestial beings; as sons of ArhaddÄsa, a merchant of
Gajapura and Puspaśrī named as Pūrṇabhadra and Manibhadra; and
then as Madhu and Kaitabha being the sons of king Viśvasena and
SurupÄ of Gajapura. The king of Vaá¸apura is named as Kanakaratha.
Madhu and Kaiá¹abha are said to have become Indras in the MahÄÅ›ukra
VimÄna. The story agrees with that of the PCV. The HVP of Jinasena
(ch. 43.99-218) contains this story which agrees with that of the PCR
and mentions Pūrṇabhadra and Manibhadra as the sons of
Samudradatta and DhÄriṇi of AyodhyÄ. The wife of HemanÄbha is
mentioned to be DharÄvatÄ«. After descending from Ä€ranÄcyuta Kalpa,
Madhu and Kaitabha were reborn as Pradyumna und Samba, being
the sons of Kṛṣṇa begot on RukmiṇÄ� and JÄmbavatÄ« respectively.
In the Uttarapuraṇa of Gunabhadra (72. 1-48) their previous births
in the form of jackals are not found. AgnibhÅ«ti and VÄyubhÅ«ti were
defeated by a monk in a theological dispute. Pūrṇabhadra and
Manibhadra's parents are mentioned as merchant ArhadÄsa and
VapraÅ›rÄ« of Ayodhya in place of Samudradatta and DhÄriṇÄ� of the PCV.
Madhu and KrÄ«á¸ava are the sons of king ArhadÄsa and KÄÅ›yapÄ of
Hastinapura. When Madhu was enthroned, lord Kanakaratha of
Amalakakanthanagara along with his wife KanakamÄlÄ visited Madhu.
At that time KanakamÄlÄ was kidnapped by Madhu On having once
listened to a religious discourse Madhu reproached his own behaviour
and repenting over his own misdeeds became a monk along with
KrÄ«dava. Both were reborn as Indras of MahÄÅ›ukra. Further they
were reborn as Pradyumna and Sambhava, sons of Rukmini and
Jambavati respectively. The MP (91. 1-6) agrees with the UP. It
names Amalakakanthanagara (92. 5. 8-9) of the UP as Aparakaṃpapura
or Amarakalpapura (91. 6. 2).
