Essay name: Paumacariya (critical study)
Author:
K. R. Chandra
Affiliation: Research institute of Prakrit, Jainology and Ahimsa Vaishali
This is a critical study of the Paumacariya: the earliest Jain version of Rama's life story, written in Prakrit by Vimalasuri dating to the 4th century AD. In this text, Rama (referred to as Padma) is depicted with lotus-like eyes and a blooming face. The Paumacariya places emphasis on the human aspects of characters rooted in Jain values, contrasting with the divine portrayal in Valmiki’s version.
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Sagara but in vain. Maṇicula assumed the INTERVENING STORÍES 149 Sagara advised him
life of his son. At
When the sons of Sagara dug the moat,
form of a snake and brought their end. Again
he assumed the form of a Brahmin and reported to Sagara the death
of his own son on account of the cruelty of Yama.
to perform penances to kill Yama and save the
this stage the Brahmin broke the news of sad demise of the sons of
Sagara. Sagara developed aversion towards the world and renounced
it. Manicula revitalised all the dead sons of Sagara. The RPS further
(ch.3) adds to the above account that Manicula had deprecated
the sons of Sagara for their dependence on the earnings of their
father. Sagara then engaged them to the work of digging the moat.
The UP, the MP and the RPS mention that all the sons of Sagara
afterwards renounced the world.
Of the Brahmanical literature, the VR (1.38-44) states that
Sagara had two wives, Keśinī and Sumati. Once a sacrificial horse
of Sagara was kidnapped by Indra. Sumati's sixty thousand sons
dug out the earth in search of the horse. It enraged the Nāgas,
Asuras etc. When they complained to Brahmā, he prophesied that
Kapila (Vasudeva) would burn the sons of Sagara. Further in
search of the horse, the sons of Sagara reached Rasātala and saw
the horse there. When they ran towards Kapiladeva, he burnt them
to ashes.
Sagara sent his grandson Aṃsumat to trace out his sons. On reach-
ing Pātāla, Amsumat was requested by Garuda to perform ‘jala-kriya'
of the deceased ones. He performed penances on the Himalayas
but the Ganges did not descend. His grandson Bhagiratha observed
penances for one thousand years and pleased Brahmā.
He pleased
Siva also. Then the Ganges descended from the heaven on to the
head of Śiva and followed Bhagiratha on the land. In its course the
river destroyed the hermitage of Jahnu, a ṛṣi. Enraged Jahnu
drank all the water of the Ganges. He released it from his ears only
at the request of the Devas, Gandharvas and the Rṣis. The stream
followed Bhagiratha upto the Rasātala and the deceased ancestors of
Bhagiratha attained heaven. Thus the river came to be known as
Jahnavi as well as Bhāgīrathi
The Visnupurāṇa (4,4) does not contain the intervention of
Garuda and the penances of Amsumat. Here Kapila had prophesied
before Amsumat that his grandson would bring the Ganges on the earth.
It does not contain the episode of Jahnu. The Bhagavatapurā ṇa
(9.8-9), the Padmapurāṇa (Uttarakhanda, 21-22) and the MB
(3.106-109) agree with the Viṣṇupuraṇa. In the MB the names of the
wives of Sagara are Vaidarbhi and Saibya, the latter having 60000 sons.
