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The members of the Jaina monastic community had to abide by a particular mode of conduct. The junior had 1. Buddhist monks were allowed to accept meat in case it was specifically prepared for them and if it was not of useful animals like horses, elephants, etc. See Durga Bhagwat, Early Buddhist Jurisprudence, Pp. 147-48. 2. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 14. Acaramga gives similar information. Deo, Op. cit., 172. 3. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 183. Dasaveyaliya (3, 3) corroborates this information. 4. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 183. 5. Ibid., 21.

494 always to pay respect to the senior monk, whatever may be the difference of age. The Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa states that this consideration led Bahubali not to visit the congregation of Usabha. He had a fear that he would have to salute his younger brothers who had joined the order earlier ¹. No monk had the freedom to move out anywhere without the specific permission of the elders (thera). Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa refers to the case The of a monk who wanted to go to his brother with a view to make him also join the order 2. There appear to have been cases of those who could not check the impulse of rejoining the householder's life. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa states the case of monk Bhavadeva who returned to his wife, without asking the permission of the authorities. He ultimately, however, returned to the order when he was rebuked by his wife³. 1. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 187. 2. Ibid., 20. Why the Jaina monks were reluctant to send a person to convert others, especially the women, becomes clear from the story of Cittamadi who against the desire of elders went with a view to convert a princess and ultimately got enamoured of her: Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 259. 3. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 23.

a 495 In case of fault was committed, the defaulter and as in the above cited case of Bhavadeva, practised aloyana and padikkamana, i.e. confession of fault condemnation of the transgression ¹. In another case, a monk went to see his brother with a view to induce him to join the order, but failed to do so. He, therefore, after his return makes the confession (aloei) to his elders 2. In the case of mental discipline also a monk did the confession of transgression and its condemnations then and there after the occurrence of such a transgression. When he had evil h toughts during the meditation, Dasannacamda observes the above ritual? In this ritual he did not even speak to Mahavira who was present there. The importance of these two acts, which were a compulsory part of daily routine can be imagined very well when we are told that if a monk died without observing these he had to suffer in many ways in his next birth". Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa does not give any information regarding the organization of Jaina church, its hierarchy, various duties and powers of the monks in that hierarchy, the requisites of a monk and the mode of life of a monk. It simply refers 1. Ibid., 3. Ibid., 17. 2. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 20. 4. Ibid., 114, 326.

496 to the institution of Jaina monks as Jinapaniya limga 1 and mentions that the Jaina monks started their tour to sacred places (punnatittha) in the season of autumn². This again indicates the different nature of the material from Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa and Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa