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The Structural Temples of Gujarat
is especially devoted to the forms of Jain deities and the
temples enshrining them.74
(h) Artha艣膩stra: (300 B. C.-100 B. C. )15
The authorship of this text is ascribed to the famous
Kautilya, the Prime-minister of Chandragupta Maurya. This
is the first datable text on civil architecture. It contains the
scientific definition of V盲stu 6 which includes buildings and
their engineering both. Houses (or the sites of houses),
pleasure-gardens (膧r膩mas), Setubandhas ( embankments and
bridges) and lakes etc. are called V膩stu. The technical words
like Vastuh峁沝aya, Navabhanga the central plot of nine plot sites.
etc. and the different kinds of roads with their appropriate
names are the proofs of existence of developed science of
architecture in that time. Durga-Nive艣a77 is a most systematic
presentation of royal palaces and forts. As regards the
dedication of temples in the centre of the city, it remarks that
in the Kosthak膩layas, the V膩studevat膩s should also be set up
according to their alloted positions. This gives us to conclude
that Pada-viny膩s, a very developed canon of town planning,
was a stereotyped canon in Kautilya's age. Road-planning,
planning of fort and palaces along with folk-planning and
that connected with professions were all well established.
The word 'Pratoli' occurs for the first time here. Popular
residential houses like Sala-buildings and religious types like
Caitya and St奴pas are also delineated upon. But the most
copious descriptions and the presentations thereof pertain to
forts and the palace-architecture.78 Thus the early works of
pre-Christen era like Hymns, S奴tras, J膩takas, Epics Artha艣膩stra
74. For detail vide the description of the text given below.
75 Chro Kane.
76. Kaultiya's Arth. Book. III, Chap. 8.
77. Ibid, Book II. Ch. 4.
78. For detail refer Dr. Bhattacharya. 'A study of Vastuvidya or
Canons of Indian Architecture.' Ch. IX.