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I take immense pleasure in extending my thanks to a number of persons at the completion of my dissertation, which has been a long and uphill journey. First, I offer my most sincere gratitude and regards to my supervisor professor Nupur Dasgupta, Department of History, Jadavpur University. She has not only guided me to the completion of thesis but in the entire course of the work helped me in formulating ideas on broad theme and working on finer details of the work. She has guided me on various research related works, like making a field trip to my research sites, handling and using different kinds of documents judiciously. Her range and depth of knowledge helped me to look at the issues critically and in channelizing to write up and edit this thesis. She has always been available for research related works despite her extremely busy schedule. Her advices and criticisms have enriched my thesis in various ways.

I extend my thanks to the staff of the National library, Kolkata, Ramkrishna Mission Institute of Culture, Golpark, Kolkata and Centre for Archaeological Studies and Training, Eastern India, who have helped in finding the necessary books, reports for my work.

I would like to thank Mr. Nitesh Saxena,Assistant Archaeologist, Sarnath Museum, Varanasi, who thoroughly explained me the site - plan, current excavations and many helped me with other useful information about the archaeological site of Sarnath.During my visit to Baragaon, a stone quarry area in operation since the ancient times, I was guided by a group of local people who took me to stone quarries, to the different streams like Gugghanala, which were used for carrying stones to Varanasi and Sarnath, a potent client - area for the product from these sites since the ancient times. Talking to a staff, probably a caretaker of the archaeological site of ancient Varanasi, Rajghat, was useful in knowing the site and the surroundings, the processes of exploration and preservation of the site by archaeologists. I extend my thanks to these friends and guides from inside and outside the world of formal academics. I also take this opportunity to offer my thanks to the staff of the archaeological museumsat Nalanda and Bodhgaya for their overall help and assistance during my visit to Rajgir- Nalanda- Bodhgaya.

I am fortunate in having extremely understanding and accommodative colleagues in the Department of History, Bethune College. I take this opportunity to thank them for making adjustments and sharing my office work- load without complaints. I sincerely thank the Head of the Department, Sri Probal Kumar Mukhopadhyay and my colleagues Dr. Gargi Nag, Ms. Nivedita Chakraborty and Ms. Ishani Choudhury for their unstinted support. I cannot forget Mr. Puranjit Barua, Ph. D. Cell, Arts, Jadavpur University who helped me in completing my official formalities and facilitated the way to complete my work.

My family have always been a source of inspiration and assistance throughout my research period. I thank dear little Rudrangshu for not being too demanding. I had very little time for him throughout this course of research and cannot find word to express my wonder at the great patience and understanding he exhibited towards his busy mother. My husband, Soumitra Das has constantly been by my side, helping me in all the technical matters and smoothing the process in compiling the thesis. My in- laws, Sri Joydeb Das and Smt. Sandhya Das were immensely helpful and supportive, particularly for taking care of my son, while I was busy in my research. I sincerely thank them for their good wishes and support. I would like to extend thanks to my numerous well - wishers, relatives, students and friends and the two wonderful ladies at my home, Anjanadi and Savitridi, for their tireless services.

I cannot forget my late father, Sri Barun Kumar Das on the occasion of completion of my long research. His blessings have kept me steady and focused in my work and life. I remember his concerns towards my studies and send a silent prayer out for him. Lastly, I tender my greatest appreciation and acknowledgements to my mother, Smt. Mira Das, for making all possible adjustments, sharing my responsibilities and providing me sustenance in my emotional needs. It would have been impossible for me to complete my thesis without her tireless support.