Informal Education of Sanskrit in Kerala
by Jayasree M. | 2010 | 82,680 words
This essay studies the informal education of Sanskrit in Kerala with special reference to Ayurveda. It provides a historical overview of Sanskrit education in India, highlighting its roots in the Vedas and the growth of the Gurukula system. This study further outlines the importance of oral traditions and the extensive educational methods used to p...
Notes for chapter 1
Notes: 97 1. G. J. Mouly, The Scene of Educational Research, New Delhi: Eurasia Publishing House, 1964, p. 238. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. John W. Best & James V. Khan, Research in Education (6th Ed.), New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., 1989, p. 201. K.Sivarajan, Education in the Emerging Indian Society, Calicut: Central Co-operative stores, Calicut University 2005, p.99. P.L. Rawat, History of Indian Education, Bhopal: Ram Prasad & Sons, 1980, p.13. Radhakumud Mookerji, Ancient Indian Education - Brahmanical and Buddhist, London: Motilal Banarsidass, 1989, p. 242. Kathopanisad VII. 8.22 Jogeshwar Sarmah, Philosophy of Education in the Upanisads, 7. 8. 9. New Delhi: Oriental Publishers & Distributors, 1990, p.88 Chandogya Upanisad VII. 1.12. rgvedam bhagavo'dhyemi yajurvedam samavedamatharvanam caturthamitihasapuranam pancamam vedanam vedam pitryam rasi daivam nidhim vakovakyamekayatanam devavidyam brahmavidyam bhutavidyam ksatravidyam naksatravidyam sarpadevajanavidyametadbhagavo'dhyemi || Dr. R. N. Sharma & R.K.Sharma, History of Education in India, New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and Distributors, 1996, p.15. 10. Satapatha Brahmana XI .3.1,2
11. Prasnopanisad, VI. 8. 98 12. Jogeshwar Sarmah, pp.98- 99. 13. Radhakumud Mookerji, p. 173 14. Baudhayana Dharmasutra || .5, 8, 9. 15. Manusmrithi, II.36, 38. garbhastame'bdhe kurvita brahmanasyopanayanam garbhadekadase rajno garbhattu dvadase visah | 36 || asodasadbrahmanasya savitrinativartate advavimsad ksatrabandho racatuvimsatervisah 138 || 16. Apastambadharmasutra 1.1.3, 25 17. 18. Carakasamhita-Vimanasthana VIII .5 tamupasrtyariradhayisu rupacaredagnivasca devavaca, rajavacca, pitrvaca, bhartrvacca apramattah| tatastaprasadat krtsnam sastramadhigamya sastrasya drdhatayamabhidhanasya sausthavo'rthasya vijnane vacanasaktau ca bhuyo bhuyah prayateta samyak | Apastambadharmasutra 1.2.6,13 19. Manusmrti, II.165 tapovisesairvividhairvrataisca vidhicoditaih vedah krtsno'dhigantavyo sarahasyo dvijanmana | | 20. Manusmrti, III.1. sattrimsadabdikam caryam gurau traivedikam vratam tadadhikam padikam va grahanantikameva va | |
99 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. � 26. 27. Gautamagrhyusutra, XVI .33. Radhakumud Mookerji, p. 199. Gautamagrhyasutra, 1. 9,10. Ibid II .50. Manusmrti, II.141. ekadesam tu vedasya vedanganyapi va punah yo'dhyapayati vrtyartham upadhyayah sa ucyate || Baudhayanadharmasutra, 1. 2.3, 41. Apastambadharmasutra, .II.2.5, 25 28. Panini, Astadhyayi, 1.3.36 29. Pathanjali, Mahabhasya, IV.4.62 30. Radhakumud Mookerji, P.242 31. Ibid., pp.242-243. 32. Panini, IV .4.44, 101. 33. Panini, IV.1.63 34. Radhakumud Mookerji, P.245. 35. Ibid., P.333. 36. Vide Mahabharata, Udyogaparva. 37. Ibid., Adiparva. 38. Vide Valmiki Ramayana. Aranyakanda. 39. Radhakumud Mookerji P.343.
100 40. Valmiki Ramayana l. 80.27. 41. Radhakumud Mookerji, P.341. 42. Vide Bhagavatapurana. 10.25. 43. Ibid. 44. Radhakumud Mookerji, p.394. 45. 46. 47. 48. P.L. Rawat, History of Indian Education, p.56 Ibid., p.58. Ibid. A.S. Alttekar, Education in Ancient India, Banaras: Nandakishore Bross, 1948, p. 451 49. Radhakumud Mookerji, p. 406. 50. Ibid, pp.427. 51. P.L. Rawat, p.61. 52. Ibid. 53. Ibid. 54. Radhakumud Mookerji, p. 462. 55. R.N. Sharma & R.K.Sharma, p. 52. 56. R. K. Pruthi, Education in Medical India: New Delhi: Sonali 57. Publications, 2005, p.202. P.N. Ojha, Aspects of Medieval Indian Society and Culture, Delhi: B.R. Publishing Corporation, 1973, p.78.
101 001412 58. R.K. Pruthi quoted from 'Aini'. Akbhariji (jss), pp. 169-70 in 59. 60. 61. SREESANK ANKARACH Education in Medieval India, Delhi: Sonali Publications, 2005, p.202. P.L. Rawat, p. 88 Sunith Kumar Chatarji, Report of the Sanskrit Commission, New Delhi: 1956-57, p.8. S. Nurullah Naik and J.P.Naik, A History of Education in India, Delhi: Macmillan India Limited, 1951, p.4. 62. Sunith Kumar Chaterji, p.12. 63. Ibid, p.13. 64. Ibid, p.12. 65. S. Nurullah & J.P.Naik, p.292. 66. Sunith Kumar Chatterji, p.15. 67. Ibid., p.14. 68. Ibid., p.16. 69. Ibid. 70. 71. Elamkulam Kunjan Pillai, Studies in Kerala History, Thiruvananthapuram: Published by author, NBS, 1970. p.267. A. Sreedharamenon, Kerala Samskaram, Kottayam, NBS, 1978, p. 21-25. KALAS
102 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. A.K. Warden, Indian Kavya Literature, (Vol-VI), Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1972, p.214. Elamkulam Kunjan Pillai, Kerala Caritrattile Irulatanja Etukal, Kottayam: NBS, 1957, p.43. V. Raghavan, forward to Contribution of Kerala to Sanskrit Literature, p. vii. A. Sreedharamenon, Kerala Samskaram, p.26. V. Raghavan, Sanskrit Drama in Performance, in Sanskrit Darma in Performance By Richel Van in Bavener and James, B. Brandon, Hawai: Hendules the University Press of Hawai, 1981. p.11. N.P. Unni, Sanskrit Dramas of Kulasekhara- A Study, Trivandrum: Published by the author, 1977, p.16. Ulloor. S. Parameswayyar. Kerala Samskrita Sahitya Caritram, (Vol.1), Thiruvananthapuram: University of Kerala, 1957, p.46. 79. Elamkulam Kunjan Pillai, Lilatilakam, Kottayam: NBS, 1983, pp.21. 80. N.P. Unni, Sanskrit Dramas of Kulasekharas, p.18. 81. Ulloor, p.88. 82. K. Kunjunni Raja, Contribution of Kerala to Sanskrit Literature, Madras: University of Madras, 1980, p.3. 83. Elamkulam Kunjan Pillai, Studies in Kerala History, p.267. 84. Elamkulam Kunjan Pillai, Kerala Caritrathile Iruladanja Edukal, p. 53.
103 85. Kunjan Pillai, Studies in Kerala History, p.270. 86. 87. 88. M.G.S, Narayanan, Aspects of Aryanisation in Kerala, Trivandrum, 1973, p. 125. S. Hemachandran (Ed), Kerala Society Papers Series II, Trivandrum: The State Editor, Kerala Gazettiers, 1997, p. 103. A. Sreedharamenon, Social and Cultural History in Kerala, New Delhi: 1979, p.283. 89. Elamkulam Kunjan Pillai, Studies in Kerala History, p.274. p.274. 90. Ibid., p.284. 91. Ibid. 92. 93. K.P. Padmanabhamenon, Kochirajyacharitram, Kozhikode: Mathrubhumi, 1989, p.38. Sarvavijnanakosam (Mal), (Ed) Vellayani Arjunan, Vol. VIII, TVM: The State Institute of Encyclopaedia, 1976, p.38. 94. 95. 96. A. Sreedharamenon, Social and Cultural History of Kerala, p.285. Mathew M. Kuzhiveli, Pracina Kerala Vidyabhyasam, Trivandrum Balan Publication, 1956, p.73. K.P. Padmanabha Menon, History of Kerala, Vol.III, New Delhi: 97. AES, 1998, p.71. A. Sreedharamenon, Keralacaritram, Madras: S. Viswanathan Printers and Publishers Pvt Ltd., 2001, p.201.
98. Ibid., p.133. 99. 104 A. Sreedharamenon, Social and Cultural History of Kerala, p.292. 100. Ibid., p.137. 101. Ibid., p.299. 102. Sunith Kumar Chatterji, Commission Report, p.26. 103. K.G. Poulose, Varaprasadam, Edappal: Vallathole Vidyapitam, 2005, p.25. 104. Poovattur N Ramakrishna Pillai, pp. 107-108. 105. Vide Poovattur N. Ramakrishna Pillai, Kerala Samskrta Vijnana Kosam, The following informations are gathered from this book.