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437 /y/ and /x/ are used only in the spelling of borrowed words. /z/ appears only in loan words and is often corrupted to 'j'. Double Consonants There are Bahasa Malaysia sounds which are represented by two letters. They are: /ng/, /sy/, /dh/, /kh/ and /nya// /ng/ has the same value as in English, a single sound as in sing but not double 'g' as in finger. /sy/ as in shin, but sometimes corrupted to 's', is the equivalent of sh in English. /dh/, /gh/, and /kh/ are used in the spelling of words originating from Arabic, and there are no such sounds in English language. /gh/ almost resembles the /r/ in the French word Paris. /kh/is more or less equivalent to the Scottish /ch/ in loch. /ny/ a single sound as the 'ni' in opinion, or 'n' in new. Therefore, the words minyak (oil) should be pronounced mi-nyak; nyanyi (to sing) should be pronounced nyanyi not niani. (i) The aspirate series kh, ch, th, th, ph are absent in Malay. (ii) Similarly retroflex consonants are absent in Malay. (iii) In Malay there is, as a rule, no phonological gradation of quantity. (iv) In Malay there is no such phoneme as /v/. The /v/ of loan words from various languages is usually changed to /b/ to fit in with the Malay phoneme system, though the /v/ often tends to be retained in the speech of bilinguals. The /v/ of loan words has also another diaphone in Malay /w/. (v) In Malay there is no spirant or voiceless sibilant than /s/ (vi) In Malay there is no doubling of consonants in intervocalic positions. The loan words with double consonants, when transferred into the Malay Language reduce the double into the single consonant. (vii) There is no visarga (h) element in Malay, and therefore it does not occur in Sanskrit loan words. (viii) There is no anusvara element in Malay, and therefore the anusvara in the intervocalic positions of Sanskrit loan words alternates with /n/. While the 'andsvara ins the final position is omitted. ton, New Delhi. Digitized by eGangotri