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ANTARVALKALA THE INNER BARKS OF TREES Barks of trees used as splints for the support of fractured bones. In fractures of bones of the foot, leg and thigh, Susruta directs us to use splints made of barks of trees to surround the limbs. THE CRUTCHES The use of the sound limb as a splint of support for the fractured bone of the opposite side was well known. Wooden splints resembling in shape the injured member are also recommended. Susruta says that if the hand be hacatured, it is to be tied with the opposite hand, but in fractures of both the hands, 251

Gayadasa recommends a wooden hand to be used as a splint for both. LATA OR CREEPERS Susruta mentioned the tendrils of creepers as material of ligature. He recommends to give a patient, bitten by a snake, ashopeless when he does not respond to the application of stimuli, such as cold water, tendrils of creepers, etc. Similarly the Asthilama is advised to be used for moving arrows fixed in the bone. It is a piece of of stone long and round. The ancients used mudagra or hammer or a piece of stone to strike an arrow firmly fixed in the bone. THE ORGANS. The organ of taste as a mesas of diagnosis is noted by Stigma. Symptoms discernible by the sense of taste are the various tastes noticeable in morbid secretions of urine and other diseases. Similarly the surgeons nail possibly helped in the operation of cutting, piercing and extraction. The use of mouth as a suction apparatus was well known to the ancients. VALA OR HAIR Horse hair is to be used for applying ligatures round the piles. It 252

is also material of suture for the skin. Horse-hair is also described to have been used for raising pterygium. Susruta says that when the arrow is firmly fixed in the bone and if it can not be extracted by forcible pulling by hands or instruments, it should be tied to the ring of a horse's bridle or asvakataka. Another method is to tie such an arrow by means of a rope to the branch of a tree, lowered by pressure. AYASKANTA OR LOAD STONE Magnet was known to the ancients and they used it to extract minute foreign bodies such as iron particles from the eyes. and teeth. Susruta also mentions its use for extracting an arrow from the wound, if it be without barbs. In modern times, a magnet is still used for removing a particle of iron from the eye. KSARA : CAUSTICS OR POTENTIAL CAUTERY Caustics were highly extolled by the ancient surgeons as the external applications are better tolerated by the weak and timid persons who are afraid of the surgeon's knife. GOAT'S GUT The intestines of the goats etc. are to be dried and prepared as material of ligature. They should be used in ligaturing fine vessels. 253

after incision by knife, evidently to check haemorrhage. Susruta enumerates four different ways of arresting haemorrhage after venesection, namely sandhana, skandana, pacana.