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The nadi yantras tubular instruments like syringe, enemas, etc. with a passage or aperture running through their entire length are constructed in a variety of shapes and for various purposes. Some of them are open at one end, while others are open at both. These instruments are used for the purpose of extracting any shalya that has pricked into the external canals or passages of the body, or for inspecting the seat of affliction as in piles, etc., or for sucking blood, etc. from any affected part, or simply as accessories to other surgical appliances. The length and circumference of a nadi yantra should be made to commensurate with those of the passage (srota) or outlet of the human system into which it is intended to be introduced. We shall describe, later on, the types of nadi yantras which are to be used in connection with such diseases as fistula in ano, piles, etc. orin tumours and ulcers, in mutradvriddhi (hydrocele) in niruddha prakasha ( phimosis), in niruddha guda stricture of the rectum) and in ascites, as well as those to be used for the purpose of 234

injecting anything into the urethra, the bowels, the vagina and the uterus, or are used in connection with medicated inhalation, or with those that are known as the alabu yantras (gourd used for cupping). The nadi or tubular instruments are described to be of various kinds and to serve many purposes. They are open either at one or both ends. These are used for the extraction of foreign substances from the natural outlets of the body. They are also recommended to be used as a diagonostic apparatus for inspection of diseases in the canals. They are the means of sucking out fluid discharges, as pus etc. from cavities and they facilitate the performances of other operations. The tubular instruments are used for fistula in ano, haemorrhoids. 44 tumours, abscesses, injections into the rectum, vagina and urethra, hydroeels, ascites, inhalations, stricture of urethra and rectum and cupping as by gourd and horns. Vagbhata II mentions kantasalyavalokini or throat speculam, pancamukha, trimukha, instrument for inspect arrows, instrument for examine piles, fistula, instrument for examination of nasal diseases. The anguli tranaka or finger guard, joni vraneksana or vaginal speculum are also described by him. 235

Tubular instruments for ascitls are called Dakodare yantra or canula. It may be either metallic or manufactured from the cylindrical hollow calamus or a peacock's feather. The tube is open at both ends and is or the same calibre throughout. The instruments for Hydrocele practically the same instrument like Canula. Susruta mentions a tube or canula is used to drain the fluid after tapping the hydrocele with the vrihimukha sastra or trocar. Tubular instruments for urethrall stricture by means of tubes. made of iron, or wood, or lac, must be well smeared with ghee. Tubular instruments for gradual dialatation of stricture of rectum using a higher number or diliators after the lapse or three days until the desired effects are attained. Injections into the recto are to be thrown by means of a tube with a membranous base tied to its end, the instrument is known as the vasti yantra 45 or Rectal Clyster. The tube is advised to be made either of gold, or silver. or lead, or copper, or brass, or bell-metal, or ivory or horns, or glass or precious stones, or wood or bamboo. It should be clean, smooth, strong, and tapering like a cow's tail, and should terminate in a smooth rounded bulb. The tube varies in length and circumference according to the age of the 236

patient.