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INTRODUCTION 149 explanatory gloss on the Subodhini, which itself is a com-
mentary on the tenth Skandha of the Sr墨 Bh膩gavata; and
the second is a further commentary on the Nir艒dhavritti.
Balakrishna was also the author of Pram膿yaratn膩rnava, a
standard work on Vallabha's religion, which has been
published in the Chowkhamb膩 Series. L膩l奴bhatta wrote,
besides, Anubhashya-tika, Nibandha-tika, Sub艒dhini-t墨ka
and Sodashabandha-t墨ka.
His Indebtedness to Vishnuswami.
Vallabha's system of Ved膩nta is said to have been
based on the writings of one Vishnusw膩mi, of whom little
credible is known. The Sampradaya Kuladipika of Gada,
a disciple of Vitthala, the younger son of Vallabha, 34
describes him as the son of a minister of a king who ruled
for some years "after the commencement of the Kaliyuga".
It speaks of him as an incarnation of Vishnu. Later it
adds that he was instructed in the Visisht膩dvaita faith by
God Vishnu himself, and that Bilvamangala spread his
doctrines. (See Seshagiri Sastri, Report on Sanskrit and
Tamil MSS., I, No. 35, p. 15.) Sir Ramakrishna Gopala
Bhandarkar quotes Yajnesvara (Aryavidy膩sudh膩kara, p. 228)
for the statement that Vishnusw膩mi was the son of the
councillor of a Dravida chief and assigns him to the middle
of the thirteenth century A. D., on the basis of Nabh膩ji's
assertion in his Bhaktam膩la, that Vishnuswami's successors
were Jn膩nad膿va, N膩madeva, Trilochana and Vallabha. The
first of these three was the author of a commentary on the
Bhagavad-G墨ta, dated in 1290 A.D. 35 This seems too early
a date, for this would make Vishnusw膩mi practically a
junior contemporary of Madhva, whereas the system of
Vishnusw膩mi, apart from its philosophical aspects, had
nothing to distinguish it from Madhva's, except his worship
of R膩dh膩 in conjunction with Krishna. Nor is the sugges-
tion of the Sampradaya Kuladipika that Vishnusw膩mi was
taught the Visisht膩dvaita system by God Vishnu himself
34 See below, where the work is further referred to.
35 Vaishnavism, Saivism and Minor Religious Systems, 77.