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This section gives a list of Utpatas (startling phenomena) and prescribes that when these appear, the king should perform a Great worship of Samrajya-lakshmi to overcome bad effects generated by their appearance. The list we come across in the text, is as follows: When there is an epidemic (ianamara) in the city or state, when there is absolutely no rainfall and consequently people suffer from emaciation (ksama) and agitation (ksobha) when the capital and the kingdom stand under enemy's attack, when draught-animals like elephants, horses, etc. suffer from disease or affliction all at a time or start shedding tears, when blood oozes out of trees and creepers of the royal garden, when idols of gods show 13. It is customary to determine all vedic metres, in contrast to their classical counterparts, with the help of the number of syllables, a particular stanza carries. Gayatri is of 24 syllables, 32 make Anustubh, 40 make a Pankti and 44, the Tristubh, winternitz Vol. 1; Part I.P.53

93 movement, laughter and dance or when there is earthquake or bursting of earth's surface, when there's deformity in child-birth in respect of men, cows, deer and birds, when mushrooms (chatraka), bee-hives (madhu) and ant-hills (Valmika) appear in the country and ants become winged, when all of a sudden, trees of forests dry up, when rain-bow appears at night and stars during day, when comets are seen in the sky, when forest-animals run into human habitation without any (apparent) reason, when the natural property of herbs, bushes, creepers and trees get reversed, when towns and cities are affected by sudden conflagration and fire spreads from house to house, when twin fruits appear in plantain and areca-nut trees or when banana plants of the garden bear south-facing-fruits, when there is excess or scarce rain-fall or when medicinal plants are widely devoid of their sap (rasa), when the sun becomes lustreless and there appears a hole in its middle or when there are meteoric falls and falling of flames (dipika) from the sky, when fourdifferent suns appear in four directions or when the sun and the moon are surrounded by three haloes (parivesa) when lightnings strike in a cloudless sky but there is none at the onset of clouds, when smoke is seen without trace of fire (in the sky) and imaginary cities with a variety of forms (gandharvanagara) appear in the sky and stone blood and ash rain therefoon, when in a similar

94 i way are herd weird songs and raining of stone, grass and wood in to human habitations is observed, when the spectacle of pairing of crows is repeated and the sight of white crows becomes not infrequent, when the walks of bukldings and pavilions cave in and finally, when static things like mountains, trees etc. appear with mobility and the mobile are deprived of movements, in all such cases, is to be observed by the prudent ones (manIsin), a great ceremonial Ritual of Samrajya-lakshmi obviously, to wearout the bad effects of such incidences. Kings and rulers being in the central focus of the author are particularly advised to perform such a bitual as per the prescribed rules- (Kartavyatra Visesena rajabhisca yathavidhi) (10.4-21). Results: Samrajya-lakshmi-pithika declares that all equally share the evil influence of such calamities the speaker (narrator), the listener, the thinkers (people who brood/over such things), the onlookers (people who actually witness such phenomena), the masters who command such things to be done and the advisors, who motivate the kings and rulers in favour of such things (22-23).

95 Relationship : In verses (23-24) three types of calamities are recounted namely, calamities that be-fall a garden, a temple and a cow-pen. It is further said that the effects of such calamities are purely of a local character (tattadbadhaka). It means that garden calamities can their harmful spells with regard to garden only and similar is the case with utpatas in respect of temples and cow-pens. Scope: cast But whatever may be the nature of the calamity, if variously and widely observed, its effects are largely portentious. In such cases, the king may suffer from a sudden affliction of pain or in others, the king, the minister or priest may face sudden replacement. In extreme cases, such evil fear may as well, bring into its ambit, the whole palace, the city, the treasury, the draughtanimals, the royal chaplain, kinsmen, servants and above all the king himself. (26) Therefore, to avert such wide-ranging mishap, a king, who affectionally rules over his subjects, should perform such a Ritual of Samrajya-lakshmi with a devoted heart. Thereby the

96 of author says, he can obtain the blessings the goddess; his entire kingdom is rid of such fears and as such, prospers. The subjects too are rendered free from the complex fear generated by the three-fold calamities, (trividhotpata), namely, the parthiva (physical), antariksa (astral) and the divya (divine). For long-life, goodhealth, security and victory, etc. also a Great worship of Samrajya-lakshmi is considered most potent, (28). Classification of Utpatas described by Samrajya-lakshmi-pithika: Though there is a reference to the threefold utpatas in the text, as we have seen above, the description does not appear to classify the utpatas and enumerates those rather in a cursory manner. Therefore, we are making here an attempt to classify the utpatas under physico-astrodivine heads. 1. Physical a. Living-beings (sentient) 1) Men Disease, epidemics, enemy-attack, deformity of birth 11) Animals - Infliction of animals, tear-shedding, deformity of birth, wild-beasts running into human-habitations. iii) Birds and insects White-crow, pairing of crows, wingedants, deformity of birth.

97 b. Trees, Creepers and medicinal plants Sweating of blood, drying up of trees, giving of opposite results, twin-fruits in banana and arecanut trees, south-facing plantains, etc. C. Non-sentient Toad-stool, bee-hives and ant-hills in the vicinity of a house, falling of walls, fire in tities, static becoming dynamic and vice versa. 2. Astral a 1) Earth - It cracks and quickes 11) Sun - It appears lustreless and holed in the middle, appearance of numerous suns, three haloes. 111) Moon 鈥� Sur pounded by three haloes. iv) Stars v) Sky Appearance during day, falling of tailed stars. Rainbow during night, heavy rains and scarcity of rain-fall, meteoric - falls and falling of flames, lightnings appear in cloudless sky, their non-appearance with clouds, smoke without fire, weird sounds and spectacles, raining of stone, blood and ash etc. 3. Divine Idols of deities showing movement, laughter, etc.

Note : 98 As it is believed that these utpatas, which are 'contrary to nature' (Brhatsamhita 45.1) owe their origine to 'divine displeasure' AVParisista No.72 (5.1.3), we may as well say that all these categories can be reduced to one category only i.e. divine, and other categories may be understood as planes of their manifestation only.