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[Full title: The concept of 厂腻尘腻苍测补 (3): Types of 厂腻尘腻苍测补]

Pra艣astap膩da divides 蝉腻尘腻苍测补 into two types, viz.,

1. para (superior) and
2. apara (inferior).^[1]

This division is accepted by the later exponents of the school. Udayana states that para covers a wider area, while apara covers a narrower area.

Following Pra艣astap膩da, 痴颈艣惫补苍腻迟丑补^[2], 艢iv膩ditya^[3], 碍别艣补惫补 惭颈艣谤补^[4], 础苍苍补峁僢丑补峁�峁�补^35鈥�and others divide 蝉腻尘腻苍测补 into two kinds,

1. superior and
2. inferior.

The example of para蝉腻尘腻苍测补 is 蝉补迟迟腻 or being. It is superior because it covers a wider area than all other universals. It subsists in all the three 辫补诲腻谤迟丑补蝉, viz., dravya, 驳耻峁嘺 and karma. It is a generality only.^[5] Dravyatva, gunatva, karmatva etc. which subsist in dravya, 驳耻峁嘺 and karma respectively are apara蝉腻尘腻苍测补s. 鈥淭hey are lower generalities. They are generalities (蝉腻尘腻苍测补), because they assimilate their proper individuals to one another. They are lower generalities (惫颈艣别峁�a), because they discriminate their proper individuals from other kinds of individuals. They are the causes of assimilation and discrimination both.鈥�^[6]

In this way though the 痴补颈艣别峁�i办补蝉 pronounce 蝉腻尘腻苍测补 as of two types, actually however, these are three types of 蝉腻尘腻苍测补. This is clarified by 痴颈艣惫补苍腻迟丑补, 艢iv膩ditya and others. 痴颈艣惫补苍腻迟丑补 at first mentions two universals, higher and lower. But at next step he mentions that there are some 蝉腻尘腻苍测补s which are both higher and lower (辫补谤腻辫补谤补)^[7]

艢iv膩ditya, again, maintains that there are three types of 蝉腻尘腻苍测补 viz.,

1. para,
2. apara and
3. 辫补谤腻辫补谤补.

厂补迟迟腻 is the highest 蝉腻尘腻苍测补. Dravyatva etc. are 辫补谤腻辫补谤补 蝉腻尘腻苍测补. Dravyatva is inferior in comparison to 蝉补迟迟腻, but is higher in comparison to 辫峁泃丑颈惫墨迟惫补 (the genus of earth). So it is 辫补谤腻辫补谤补. Similarly all universals which are extensive in comparison to some universals and pervaded by some other universals are 辫补谤腻辫补谤补 蝉腻尘腻苍测补s. 骋丑补峁璦迟惫补 etc. are apara 蝉腻尘腻苍测补, since there are inferior to dravyatva, 辫峁泃丑颈惫墨迟惫补 etc. but are not superior to any 蝉腻尘腻苍测补.^[8]

础苍苍补峁僢丑补峁�峁�补 has accepted only two kinds of 蝉腻尘腻苍测补鈥�

1. para and
2. apara.

In his view 蝉补迟迟腻 is superior. All other 蝉腻尘腻苍测补s like dravyatva etc. are inferior.^[9] He has not mentioned about 辫补谤腻辫补谤补 variety of 蝉腻尘腻苍测补.

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

痴补颈艣别峁�i办补诲补谤艣补苍补尘 with 笔谤补艣补蝉迟补辫腻诲补产丑腻峁�y补, p.276

[2]:

叠丑腻峁Ｄ乸补谤颈肠肠丑别诲补, p. 12

[3]:

厂补辫迟补辫补诲腻谤迟丑墨, p.16

[4]:

罢补谤办补产丑腻峁Ｄ�, p.494

[5]:

碍颈谤补峁嚹乿补濒墨, p.22

[6]:

Sinha Jadunath, Indian Philosophy, Vol.I, p.354

[7]:

叠丑腻峁Ｄ乸补谤颈肠肠丑别诲补, p. 12

[8]:

狈测腻测补蝉颈诲诲丑腻苍迟补尘耻办迟腻惫补濒墨, p.44

[9]:

辫补谤补峁� 蝉补迟迟腻 -a辫补谤补峁� 诲谤补惫测补迟惫腻诲颈. 罢补谤办补蝉补峁僩谤补丑补, p.60