Expiatory Rites in Keralite Tantra
by T. S. Syamkumar | 2017 | 59,416 words
This page relates ‘Expiatory Rites in Jainism� of the study on Expiatory Rites in Sanskrit literature and ancient Indian religion and society, with special reference to Keralite Tantra. Further references to texts include those found in Shaivism, Vaishnavism and Shaktism as well as Dharmashastra literature. This study also investigates temple records and inscriptions of Kerala in order to demonstrate the connection between social life and expiatory rites and its evolution.
Go directly to: Footnotes.
9. Expiatory Rites in Jainism
Similar to Buddhism, Jainism also stands against the Vedic and Brahminic religion in its early period. In later stages, the Jainas incorporated some trends of Brahmanical religion. The Jainas especially Nirjaras believed that expiations helps in the exhaustion of Karmas. Expiation by self-degradation may be a technique of speeding up the ripening of Karmas. ūٰṛtṅg states that Tapas destroys all Karmas.[1] The ٳٲⲹūٰ considered that Tapas is a path of liberation.[2] This treatise defines ʰⲹśٳٲ as Dzⲹṇārīīⲹ� (self-reflection).[3] The Jainas considered that austerity is an expiatory rite. Umāsvāti, the commentator of ղٳٱٳūٰ interpreted that ʰⲹśٳٲ includes not only the internal confession and repentance, but also the act of external atonement rites like fasting, Tapas etc.[4] The 岹ūٰ explain ʰⲹśٳٲs in a very detailed manner. According to this, the purity of a 첹 is extremely essential in Jainism and this purity helps them to move towards the final goal of liberation. The 첹, who commits certain lapses of this purity, falls from liberation. Hence the 岹ūٰ make clear the importance of expiation. In the case of very grave sins, it prescribed expiations in the form of strict punishments. The insulting of a īٳṅk or the ṅg and a murder are to be considered as major sins. The canons of Jainas prescribe Parañcita, the uppermost expiation. Those who undergo this expiation, have to stay behind lonely in the province. One more expiation is called ʲ. A monk, who is undergoing this expiation, should dismiss himself from the companionship of other monks and even co-dining with them.[5] Equaling to Buddhism the expiatory rites are mainly recommended for ascetics. The ritualistic nature of expiation has not been seen in Jaina canons. They typically suggest Tapas in the form of self-degradation as a major expiation. The study of expiation in Buddhism and Jainism reveals that they have not acquired the ritualistic nature. The religious studies expose that each religions provide the concept and praxis of expiation in a meticulous way. A peep into the world religious literature is useful to recognize this fact.
Footnotes and references:
[1]:
ūٰṛtṅg, 1.2.1.15.
[2]:
ٳٲⲹūٰ, 28.2-3.
[4]:
ղٳٱٳūٰ, 9.22.