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[Full title: (F) The distinctive ritualistic features; (II) Ahnika (daily rituals); (2) Mutra-purisa-vidhi: Answering calls of nature].

DIRECTION TO BE FACED : According to Devala, while answering the calls of nature, one should always face towards the north in the morning & the south in the evening, while it should always be avoided, during the two twilights. Thus two directions only are allowed by Devala, while Yama prescribes that one should face the west in the morning 5 (purvahna), the east in the afternoon, the north at the noon & the south, during the night. Thus there is explicit disagreement } 路 between the two. 鉁� According to the Krtyakalpataru Brah. (p.149 & 150), the following solution can be suggested. In accordance with the statement of Devala, in the morning time (i.e.pratah or purvahna of three Mahurtas that is the first part of the fivefold division of the day) & in the sayahna (the last three muhurtas of the day), one may face the north & south respectively, but at the remaining time of the day (i.e.in the remaining part of purvahna, other than pratah of three muhurtas & in the aparahna), one should follow the statement of Yama & face west and east respectively. The viramitrodaya (Ahn.p.29) remarks that in the opinion the Krtyakalpataru, the statement of Devala is from the standpoint of the fivefold division of the day, while that of Yama is from the point of view of threefold division only. $

745 Devala prohibits the answering of natural calls, during the two twilights & the middle time of the day (madhyahna) (cf.199). But Yama allows it during madhyahna with face to the northern direction. Manub (4.50) & Gautama (1/9/41-43) allow the answering of calls even during two twilights, with face towards the north. Manu (4.50) & Gautama (1/9/41-43) mention a simple, rule that during daytime, & the two twilights, one should face towards the north, while during nighttime, one should face the south. NO PRESCRIPTION OF PRAMANA & DRAVYAS ANKHYA FOR PURIFICATION : 7 Was While answering the calls of nature, the lump of clay used for cleaning the parts of the body. Some smrtis consider the point as to how much of it was to be used & how many times it was to be employed. (Cf.Manu S.5/136-137, Vishnusmriti (60/25-26), Daksa S. V/5-12)). The smrtis prescribe the pramana (number of times) & dravyasankhya (number of lumps), in various manner. But Devala, going against the above views of Manu, Visnu etc. declares that the wise do not prescribe the number of times & the lumps for purification, but the cleansing can be done as long as one thinks to be purified. Thus according to Devala, there is no necessity of prescribing such details. They can be followed to the extent of one's own concept of purification. They depend upon the various conditions like the individual, the situation, time, availability of material like water, clod etc. (527). HANDS & FEET TO BE WASHED UPTO WRIST & KNEES RESPECTIVELY : It is remarkable to note that while washing hands & feet, they are to be washed with water upto the wrist & the knees respectively, for purification after answering calls, according to Devala (544).