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[Full title: (B) The distinctive social features; (III) Samnyasa (2): Staying at one place, during rainy season].

The samnyasi should not stay at one place, except during " the period of rainy season. According to Devala, rainy season is for four 1 months, starting from the month of sravana. The author, further, seems to indicate that there are only three seasons in reality. After the rainy season, the next season that follows is the ' hemanta, which includes in itself also the sisira (winter). The third season is the grisma, which also includes in itself, the vasanta (spring). While the sarad has entered the rainy season. Thus varsa, hemanta & grisma, these three seasons are the prominent among them. There are two methods of reckoning months. (1) Paurnimanta Method According to this method, the month begins from the pratipat (first lunar day) of the dark fortnight & ends on the full-moon day of the bright half of the month. This method is even now prevalent in the Northwest of India. For certain religious customs & observances, this method is still prevalent throughout India & is recorded even in the Modern digests on Dharmas astra like Dharmas indhu. For example the completion of religious bath during the months of Vaisakha, Kartika, Magha etc. (i.e.Vaisakhas nanasamapti & so on). Similarly the festivals like Vasantotsava, 1 balkana

696 Gurupurnima etc. are also based upon this method of months, ending on paurnima. (2) Amanta Method - According to this method, the months start from the pratipat (the first lunar day) of the bright fortnight & end on the last, amavasya day of the dark fortnight. This method is prevalent in the southern India. Hence according to the second method, the month of asadha will start from the pratipat of the bright fortnight & will end on the amavasya day of the dark fortnight. While in accordance with, the first method, the month of asadha will begin not from the pratipat of the bright fortnight, but from the pratipat, after the fullmoon day of the previous month viz. the jyestha month & the as adha will end on the full moon day i.e. on the gurupurnima day & from the next day i.e. on the pratipad of the dark fortnight 鈫� of the month, the month of sravana will begin. From this standpoint of reckoning months, ending on paurnima, the prescription of Devala, that the ascetic should stay at one place, during rainy season, starting from the month of sravana, is quite in conformity with the usual customs because > the ascetics perform the worship of Vyasa etc. on the day of gurupurnima & there-after stay at one place, preaching dharma to the masses, during those days of rainy season, when the external activities and travelling remain suspended due to rain. III,Chapter As mentioned previously (Part III, Chapter II), this reference t is important for determining the home of Devala. The method

897 of reckoning months, ending on full-moon day is still prevalent in the North-West of India. It has been prevalent in that area from very ancient period. Mm. P. V.Kane notes "that the months in North-West India were purnimanta in the Kharosthi records, drawn up in kaniska's era. This evidence indicates Devala 1,29 to be belonging to the North-West of India.