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On the pathway to liberation, there occur many obstructions. The nature of these opposite thoughts (vitarka), their divisions, cause and result are described in the philosophy itself.² The nature of obstacles is violence (himsa) etc. The varieties of these obstacles are of three types viz., done (krta), caused to be done (karita) and approved when done by another (anumodita). The cause of their origin is greed (lobha) anger (krodha) and delusion (moha). The defects of them are also three types viz., mild (mrdu), medium (madhya) and intense (adhimatra). The result is endless pain (duhkha) and ignorance (ajnana). Patanjala-yogasutra-bhashya-vivarana explains 81 varieties of obstacles, taking 235 violence as example. Again these 81 varieties become countless customary rules (niyoga), options (vikalpa) and due to customary collectiveness (samuccaya). The main obstacle comes in the practice of posture (asana) is shivering of limbs. 236 When the yogin progresses in Yogic practices, he has to face so many tempting offerings (upamantrana) from the devas such as Indra etc. 237 One should not show any hint of favour 214

towards them and if one gets attached or smiles in satisfaction there will be undesirable results. Advice to overcome obstacles To prevent obstructions, some precautions are advised. While practicing yama and niyama, the obstacles are the opposites, such as violence (himsa) etc. When obstruction occurs then one should meditate on their opposites. In this context, as Vyasa-bhashya, Vivaranakara also stresses the importance of the practice of yama and says that, the restraints are to be observed compulsorily. If they are not observed, there is additional danger of defects (tesam avasyakartavyatvat akarane ca dosagauravat). As the result of these obstacles is utmost pain, one should not think them even mentally but meditate on their opposites.