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Actions [karman] are of three kinds viz., good (kusala), bad 66 (akusala) and mixed (vimisra). In another context, Vivaranakara mentions that actions are of two kinds viz., sopakrama and nirupakrama. The former is that which yields results by taking its cause quickly and the latter is that which yields results in a long 67 time and spreads out slowly.07 Vivaranakara is presenting his view that the competence to do actions (karman) is not only present in human beings, but in the lower creatures like insects 68 also. The portion describes the results of karman, etc. is an elaborate one in the Vivarana text. 70 69 In the fourth chapter, the karman is classified under four heads viz., krsna (black), suklakrsna (white and black), sukla (white) and asuklakrsna (neither white nor black). The black action is described as very impure and belongs to evilminded people, who do not follow the path mentioned in the 164

scriptures. The white and black is that which is to be accomplished with the help of one's wife, son, cattle, sacrificial priest, etc. In this type of karman, there is accumulation of the deposit of karman by means of injury or benefit to others. The white is the collection of deeds belongs to those engaged in austerities, to those who study the sacred texts and to those who practise meditation. This type of action does not depend on external means of attainment. The final type of action i.e., neither white nor black belongs only to a true yogin (here it is termed as sannyasin). Those who had attained siddhis due to janma, osadhi, mantra and tapas, have the three-fold karman- white, black 71 and mixed."1 Moreover, all actions belong only to one who is ignorant, and not belong to the one who knows. It is because the one who knows, does not think of any result other than abiding in oneself. And abiding in oneself comes into being by withdrawing all activity. 72