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痴颈谤补丑辞迟办补峁囜弓丑颈迟腻 often known as 鲍迟办腻 is a lady yearning owing to the separation from her hero. She is extremely disturbed by her lover鈥檚 absence. She dislikes every thing in the form of pleasure or happiness. She is immersed in sorrow and pours forth her sorrow to others. She pines for him and dislikes her loneliness.

She cries and laments suggesting that her heart is sinking. She droops down on the couch. She exhibits weakness and a lack of enthusiasm to continue living without him. She ponders over the reasons for his failure to turn up at her door step. Sometimes she is also depicted as requesting her friend to go to him with a handwritten or verbal message of her plight. She is an excellent example of Vipralambha 艢峁涐箙驳腻谤补. 

Many songs are found based on her probably for the varied dimensions that could be portrayed by her.^[1]

啶ㄠ�嬥お啶椸い啶� 啶�啷嵿ぐ啶距ぃ啷囙ざ啷� 啶椸�佮ぐ啷佮ぃ啶� 啶曕ぞ啶班�嵿く啷囙�� 啶掂た啶樴�嵿え啶苦い啶距�椸ぎ啶ㄠ�� 啷�
啶�啶膏�嵿く啶距�� 啶曕た啶� 啶む�� 啶膏�嵿く啶距う啶苦い啷嵿く啶曕�佮げ啶氞た啶む�嵿い啷囙い啷嵿く啶膏ぞ啶掂�佮い啷嵿�曕�� 啷�

nopagata岣� pr膩峁噀艣o guru峁嚹� k膩rye峁嘺 vighnit膩gamana岣� |
yasy膩岣� ki峁� tu sy膩dityakulacittetyas膩vutk膩 ||^[2]

Why has not my Lord come, what could have been the significant reason for his delay?鈥搇ike this, the 苍腻测颈办腻 who feels anxious is called an 鲍迟办腻.

Authors who agree on the general definition of a 痴颈谤补丑辞迟办补峁囜弓丑颈迟腻 being separated from her lover and yearning for him: Bharata, 搁耻诲谤补峁璦, Vidy膩n膩tha, Rudrabha峁�峁璦, Vi艣vanatha, 艢i峁単abh奴p膩la, 搁腻尘腻苍补苍诲补 艢补谤尘腻.

啶掂ぞ啶班ぞ啶灌え啶� 啶曕�囙げ啷�啶椸�冟す啷� 啶�啶膏�嵿く啶� 啶� 啶�啶むた啶班�傕お啷堗い啶� 啷�
啶多�嬥�氞え啷嵿い啷� 啶むう啶ㄠぞ啶椸ぎ啶�啷佮い啷嵿�曕ぃ啷嵿�犩た啶むぞ啶�啶掂�堗い啶� 啷�

v膩r膩hani kel墨g峁沨e yasy膩 na patir奴paiti |
艣ocant墨 tadan膩gamamutka峁囜弓hit膩mavaiti ||^[3]

Here, the 苍腻测颈办腻 is yearning and wailing beyond control as her husband has not come and is not near her in the bedroom.

1 Doubting the hero

There are two theories of whether a 痴颈谤补丑辞迟办补峁囜弓丑颈迟腻 苍腻测颈办腻 could be doubtful as to what is retaining her lover.

Authors of books like 笔谤补迟腻辫补谤耻诲谤墨测补, 搁补蝉腻谤峁嘺惫补蝉耻诲丑腻办补谤补, 艢峁涐箙驳腻谤腻谤峁嘺惫补肠补苍诲谤颈办补 believe that the heroine is undoubtful and knows that the hero tarries away due to some other matter arresting his attention while authors of books like 厂腻丑颈迟测补诲补谤辫补峁嘺 and 狈腻峁瓂补艣腻蝉迟谤补 do not agree to this.

艢i峁単abh奴p膩la in his 搁补蝉腻谤峁嘺惫补蝉耻诲丑腻办补谤补 describes her as

啶呧え啶距�椸じ啶� 啶�啷嵿ぐ啶苦く啶むぎ啷� 啶氞た啶班く啶む�嵿く啷佮い啷嵿じ啷佮�曕ぞ啶む�� 啶�啶� 啷�
啶掂た啶班す啷嬥い啷嵿�曕ぃ啷嵿�犩た啶むぞ 啶�啶距さ啶掂�囙う啶苦き啶苦�� 啶膏ぞ 啶膏ぎ啷�啶班た啶むぞ 啷�

补苍腻驳补蝉颈 priyatame cirayatyutsuk膩tu y膩 ||
virahotka峁囜弓hit膩 产丑腻惫补vedibhi岣� s膩 sam墨rit膩 |^[4]

She is said to be a 痴颈谤补丑辞迟办补峁囜弓丑颈迟腻 苍腻测颈办腻 by exponents of 产丑腻惫补, when she yearns for him as he delays without being at fault.

The word 鈥�补苍腻驳补蝉颈鈥� proves that she thinks he is not at fault. This establishes that she does not doubt him. An example from 笔谤补迟腻辫补谤耻诲谤墨测补 also clearly establishes her doubtlessness.

啶� 啶多�權�嵿�曕ぞ啶洁え啷嵿く啶� 啶むぞ啶︵�冟�椸�嵿�椸�佮ぃ啶�啶班た啶�啶侧�� 啶班�佮う啷嵿ぐ啶ㄠ�冟お啶む�� 啶曕く啶� 啶掂ぞ 啶椸�嬥し啷嵿�犩�嵿く啶距じ啷� 啶氞た啶班く啶むた 啶膏�栢��啶�啶苦ぐ啷嵿�� 啶膏�佮げ啶�啶� 啷�
啶膏ぎ啶距え啷囙い啷佮�� 啶曕ぞ啶ㄠ�嵿い啶� 啶掂�嵿ぐ啶� 啶�啶︵�� 啶�啶︵�嵿ぇ啷嬥そ啶炧�嵿�溹げ啶苦ぐ啶�啶� 啶�啶む�� 啶掂た啶粪�嵿さ啶︵�嵿ぐ啷�啶氞�� 啶曕た啶班い啶� 啶曕た啶班ぃ啶距�傕じ啷嵿い啷嵿さ啶む�嵿お啷嵿ぐ啶苦く啶膏�栢�� 啷�

na 艣补峁卥腻'ny膩 t膩d峁沢gu峁嘺parimale rudran峁沺atau kay膩 v膩 go峁ａ弓hy膩sau cirayati sakh墨bhirna sulabha岣� |
sam膩netu峁� k膩nta峁� vraja madana baddho'帽jaliraya峁� yato vi峁�vadr墨ca岣� kirati kira峁嚹佱箖stvatpriyasakha岣� ||^[5]

O! Manmatha (Cupid) I fold my hands in salutation to you. Your friend, the moon, is spreading his rays in all directions increasing my longing. So, please go and bring my lord who is famous for his good qualities. I am sure he is delayed by some meeting and hence is not easily accessible even by friends.

Like the definition given above, the word 鈥�na 艣补峁卥腻 补苍测腻鈥� clearly establishes that she has no doubt about his fidelity.

The example given by 痴颈艣惫补苍腻迟丑补 in 厂腻丑颈迟测补诲补谤辫补峁嘺 clearly shows that she doubts him and may be he has another affair. The same example is found in 艢峁涐箙驳腻谤补迟颈濒补办补 and in Rasabh膩sa aur Bh膩vabh膩sa too.

啶曕た啶� 啶班�佮う啷嵿ぇ啶� 啶�啷嵿ぐ啶苦く啶�啶� 啶曕く啶距�氞た啶︵ぅ啶掂�� 啶膏�栢�嵿く啶� 啶�啶�啷嬥う啷嵿さ啷囙�溹た啶む��, 啶曕た啶� 啶掂ぞ 啶曕ぞ啶班ぃ啶椸�屶ぐ啶掂�� 啶曕た啶�啶�啶� 啶�啶ㄠ�嵿え啶距う啷嵿く啶距�椸い啷� 啶掂げ啷嵿げ啶�啶� 啷�
啶囙い啷嵿く啶侧�嬥�氞�嵿�� 啶�啷冟�椸��啶︵�冟ざ啶� 啶曕ぐ啶むげ啷� 啶掂た啶ㄠ�嵿く啶膏�嵿く 啶掂�曕�嵿い啷嵿ぐ啶距ぎ啷嵿が啷佮�溹�� 啶︵��啶班�嵿�樴�� 啶ㄠた啶冟ざ啷嵿さ啶多た啶む��, 啶氞た啶班�� 啶� 啶班�佮う啶苦い啶� 啶曕�嵿し啶苦お啷嵿い啶距ざ啷嵿�� 啶�啷佮し啷嵿お啶膏�嵿ぐ啶溹�� 啷�

ki峁� ruddha岣� priyay膩 kay膩cidathav膩 sakhy膩 mamodvejita岣�, ki峁� v膩 k膩ra峁嘺gaurava峁� kimapi yann膩dy膩gato vallabha岣� |
ityalocya m峁沢墨d峁浥浤� karatale vinyasya vaktr膩mbuja峁� d墨rgha峁� ni岣ヅ泇a艣ita峁�, cira峁� ca rudita峁� k峁�ipt膩艣ca pu峁�pasraja岣� ||^[6]

Has he been prevented from coming by some dear one? Or has he been agitated by my friend? Or is it some other serious thing that prevents him from coming here even today. Thus thinking, the deer eyed girl kept her lotus face on her hands, sighed deeply and cried long and threw away her flower garlands.

Bharata too in his 狈腻峁瓂补艣腻蝉迟谤补, shows her as doubting the hero with another lady.

啶掂�嵿く啶距�曕�嵿し啷囙お啶距う啷� 啶掂た啶�啷冟ざ啷囙�氞�嵿�氞ぞ啶�啶� 啶ㄠぞ啶�啶曕ぞ啶椸ぎ啶ㄠ�� 啶�啷嵿ぐ啶む�� 啷�
啶む�堗じ啷嵿い啷堗ぐ啷嵿さ啶苦�氞ぞ啶班ぃ啷堗ざ啷嵿�氞ぞ啶�啶� 啶多�佮き啶距ざ啷佮き啶膏ぎ啷佮い啷嵿ぅ啶苦い啷堗�� 啷�
啶椸�佮ぐ啷佮�曕ぞ啶班�嵿く啷囙�� 啶�啶苦い啷嵿ぐ啷堗ぐ啷嵿さ啶� 啶�啶ㄠ�嵿い啷嵿ぐ啶苦ぃ啶� 啶班ぞ啶溹�嵿く啶氞た啶ㄠ�嵿い啶�啶� 啷�
啶呧え啷佮が啶︵�嵿�� 啶�啷嵿ぐ啶苦く啶� 啶曕た啶� 啶ㄠ�� 啶о�冟い啷� 啶掂げ啷嵿げ啶�啶�啶距お啶� 啶掂ぞ 啷�

vy膩k峁�ep膩d vim峁浥沞cc膩pi n膩yak膩gamana峁� prati |
taistairvic膩ra峁嘺i艣c膩pi 艣ubh膩艣ubhasamutthitai岣� ||
guruk膩rye峁嘺 mitrairv膩 mantri峁嚹� r膩jyacintay膩 |
anubaddha priya岣� ki峁� nu dh峁泃o vallabhay膩pi v膩 ||^[7]

Worried to the core, she should ponder over the reasons for the failure of the hero to arrive by looking for good or bad omens. She wonders if he was held up in some important matter or delayed by his friends or ministers or some political emergencies. She doubts if it could be owing to some other woman whom he is fond of.

A Tamil Padam is an example that she doubts him:

搁腻驳补尘鈥掷耻谤耻峁�峁�颈[8] Composer鈥掷耻产产补谤补尘补测测补谤	T膩岣穉m -惭颈艣谤补 颁腻辫耻
Pallavi Ita峁焝艒 n膩峁� pe峁� pi峁焌nd膿峁壟� i峁夅箟am e峁� s膩miyaik k膩峁嚹撫箟膿	Was I born as a woman for this? I have not yet seen my lord
础峁塽辫补濒濒补惫颈 膩darik kum enda峁� a岣籥gu turaiyai endap p膩daki kaivasap pa岣島ttik ko峁囜笉膩岣放�	Which unscrupulous woman has captivated my supportive and beautiful lord
颁补谤补峁嘺尘 膧岣島m mayil m膿l varum a岣籥ga峁塧ik k膩峁嘼膿峁壟� 膩di n膩岣� p艒l magi岣� p奴峁噋膿峁壟� p膩岣峣pparavum subbar膩ma峁� padattukkaru岣� seyyum ma峁夅箟ava峁塧i pirintum ma峁囜箛i峁� m墨dum v膩岣籿膿峁壟�	Will I see the beautiful lord coming on the peacock? Will I feel the happiness of olden days? Will I live in this world after being separated from my lord who graces the poet Subbaraman鈥檚 ode?

2 Different Definitions

搁耻诲谤补峁璦, unlike Bharata and others, differs in his definition of 痴颈谤补丑辞迟办补峁囜弓丑颈迟腻 or an 鲍迟办腻. He associates her with a tryst which is generally associated to a 痴颈辫谤补濒补产诲丑腻.

啶夃い啷嵿�曕ぞ啶�啶掂い啶� 啶膏ぞ 啶�啶膏�嵿く啶距�� 啶膏�傕�曕�囙い啶� 啶ㄠぞ啶椸い啶� 啶�啷嵿ぐ啶苦く啶� 啷�
啶むじ啷嵿く啶距え啶距�椸ぎ啶ㄠ�� 啶灌�囙い啷佮�� 啶氞た啶ㄠ�嵿い啶�啶む�嵿く啶曕�佮げ啶� 啶�啶ム�� 啷�

utk膩bhavati s膩 yasy膩岣� sa峁僰eta峁� n膩gata岣� priya岣� |
tasy膩n膩gamane hetu峁� cintayatyakul膩 yath膩 ||^[9]

On the same note, Bh膩nudatt膩 in his 搁补蝉补尘补帽箩补谤墨 defines her as follows:

啶膏�權�嵿�曕�囙い啶膏�嵿ぅ啶侧�� 啶�啷嵿ぐ啶む�� 啶�啶班�嵿い啷冟ぐ啶ㄠぞ啶椸ぎ啶曕ぞ啶班ぃ啶� 啶氞た啶ㄠ�嵿い啶�啶むた 啶膏ぞ 啶夃い啷嵿�曕�� 啷� 啶呧さ啶оた啶︵た啶掂じ啶距え啶距�椸い啶�啷嵿ぐ啷嬥し啶苦い啶�啶むた啶曕ぞ啶�啶距�� 啶ㄠぞ啶掂�嵿く啶距お啷嵿い啶苦��, 啶むじ啷嵿く啶� 啶�啶班�嵿い啷冟ぐ啶掂ぇ啶苦う啶苦さ啶膏�� 啶�啶掂え啶距�椸ぎ啶ㄠえ啶苦く啶� 啶囙い啶� 啶膏�權�嵿�曕�囙い啶�啶︵�囙え 啶むう啷嵿さ啷嵿く啶距さ啶班�嵿い啶ㄠぞ啶む�� 啷�

sa峁卥etasthala峁� prati bhart峁況an膩gamak膩ra峁嘺峁� cintayati s膩 utk膩 | avadhidivas膩n膩gatapro峁�itapatik膩y膩峁� n膩vy膩pti岣�, tasy膩 bhart峁況avadhidivase bhavan膩gamananiyama iti sa峁卥etapadena tadvy膩vartan膩t |^[10]

When the hero does not turn up on the appointed day or time at the meeting place, the heroine who becomes anxious is called an 鲍迟办腻. He goes on to say that a 笔谤辞峁�i迟补辫补迟颈办腻鈥檚 husband, on the appointed day comes to her house and not to the meeting place. Hence, there is no over lapping of a 痴颈谤补丑辞迟办补峁囜弓丑颈迟腻 with a 笔谤辞峁�i迟补辫补迟颈办腻.

Rasacandrika also gives the same argument.

啶�啷嵿ぐ啷嬥し啶苦い啶�啶班�嵿い啷冟�曕ぞ啶�啶� 啶掂た啶班す啷嬥い啷嵿�曕ぃ啷嵿�犩た啶むぞ啶�啶距ざ啷嵿�� 啶�啶苦え啷嵿え啶む�嵿さ啷囙え 啶�啷佮え啶苦え啶� 啷� 啶�啶班た啶椸ぃ啶苦い啶む�嵿さ啶距い啷� 啷�

pro峁�itabhart峁沰膩y膩 virahotka峁囜弓hit膩y膩艣ca bhinnatvena munin膩 | pariga峁噄tatv膩t |^[11]

艢峁涐箙驳腻谤补尘补帽箩补谤墨 states that 膧尘辞诲补, of 搁补蝉补尘补帽箩补谤墨 refutes the definition of both 艢峁涐箙驳腻谤补迟颈濒补办腻 and 搁补蝉补尘补帽箩补谤颈. It says that while this definition overlaps with the 痴颈辫谤补濒补产诲丑腻 on one side, it is too narrow a definition to incorporate (a) 笔奴谤惫腻苍耻谤腻驳补 Vipralambha ie. A maiden longing to meet her lover and (b) a lady who is at home and her union is being delayed due to manifold domestic work. Thus 膧尘辞诲补k膩r膩 gives his own definition as

啶呧お啷嵿ぐ啷嬥し啶苦い啶距さ啶苦お啷嵿ぐ啶侧ぎ啷嵿き啶曕お啷嵿ぐ啶苦く啶膏�傕き啷嬥�椸ぞ啶�啶距さ啶曕�冟い啷嬥い啷嵿�曕ぃ啷嵿�犩ぞ 啶掂た啶班す啷嬥い啷嵿�曕ぃ啷嵿�犩た啶む�囙い啶� 啷�

apro峁�it膩vipralambhakapriyasa峁僢hog膩产丑腻惫补k峁泃otka峁囜弓h膩 virahotka峁囜弓hiteti |^[12]

She is yearning for the hero because of lack of union. The separation is neither due to travel nor cheating on the part of the hero.

Akbar Shah in his 艢峁涐箙驳腻谤补尘补帽箩补谤墨 rejects all three definitions. He comes up with his own definition: 痴颈谤补丑辞迟办补峁囜弓丑颈迟腻 is one who though being in the same place as the hero, is separated from him and yearning for him because of pre-occupation on his part.

啶ㄠた啶掂ぞ啶� 啶忇さ 啶曕ぞ啶班�嵿く啶距え啷嵿い啶班さ啷嵿く啶距じ啶權�嵿�椸お啷嵿ぐ啶�啷佮�曕�嵿い啶�啷嵿ぐ啶苦く啶掂た啶班す啶掂い啷� 啶掂た啶班す啷嬥い啷嵿�曕ぃ啷嵿�犩た啶むぞ 啷�

niv膩sa eva k膩ry膩ntaravy膩sa峁単aprayuktapriyavirahavat墨 virahotka峁囜弓hit膩 |^[13]

3 Definition conclusion

Sambhoga is just not physical love making; looking at each other, seeing eye to eye, flirtatious touches, smiles, loving glances, sweet talking, talking with a suggestive meaning all these are also Sambhoga. 

Even seeing the loved one is considered Sambhoga.

啶呧え啷佮�曕�傕げ啷� 啶ㄠた啶粪�囙さ啷囙い啷� 啶�啶む�嵿ぐ啶距え啷嵿く啷嬥え啷嵿く啶� 啶掂た啶侧ぞ啶膏た啶ㄠ�� 啷�
啶︵ぐ啷嵿ざ啶ㄠじ啷嵿お啶班�嵿ざ啶ㄠぞ啶︵��啶ㄠた 啶� 啶膏�傕き啷嬥�椸�� 啶�啷佮う啶距え啷嵿さ啶苦い啶� 啷�

anuk奴lau ni峁�evete yatr膩nyonya峁� vil膩sinau |
dar艣anaspar艣an膩d墨ni sa sa峁僢hogo mud膩nvita岣� ||^[14]

Thus, the definition of the hero being in the house yet not uniting with him due to reasons of work, limits the realms of not only this 苍腻测颈办腻 but also the whole Sambhoga.

This definition also seems to leave out many situations like the continuation of a 痴腻蝉补办补蝉补箩箩腻 or a 笔谤辞峁�i迟补辫补迟颈办腻 and a doubting heroine.

Thus the definition should be something like a 苍腻测颈办腻 who is disturbed by her lover鈥檚 prolonged absence. She could doubt him too.

啶氞た啶班く啶むた啶�啷嵿ぐ啷囙く啶膏�� 啶掂た啶班す啷囙ぃ啶距�曕�佮げ啶苦い啶� 啶掂た啶班す啷嬥い啷嵿�曕ぃ啷嵿�犩た啶むぞ 啷�

cirayatipreyasi virahe峁嚹乲ulit膩 virahotka峁囜弓hit膩 |^[15]

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

This verse is also considered an interpolation

[2]:

碍腻惫测腻濒补峁卥腻谤补, XII. 387.

[3]:

Shringaravilasini (Allahabad: Bharatiya Manisha Sutraum Daraganj, 2039), lxxv. 28.

[4]:

搁补蝉腻谤峁嘺惫补蝉耻诲丑腻办补谤补, I. cxxviii鈥揷xxix. 32.

[5]:

笔谤补迟腻辫补谤耻诲谤墨测补, I. xlvi. 20.

[6]:

S膩hitya Darpa峁嘺, III. 206; 艢峁涐箙驳腻谤补 Tilaka, I. cxxxvi. 35; Rasabhas Aur Bhavabhas, 137; 痴腻驳产丑补峁�峁�补, 碍腻惫测腻苍耻艣腻蝉补苍补, V. 63.

[7]:

狈腻峁瓂补艣腻蝉迟谤补, XXIV. ccxlvi鈥揷cxlvii. 680.

[8]:

Vaitheeswaran Kovil Sri Subbaramayyar Tamil Padangal, 51.

[9]:

艢峁涐箙驳腻谤补 Tilaka, I. cxxxiv. 35.

[10]:

搁补蝉补尘补帽箩补谤墨, 146.

[11]:

搁补蝉补肠补苍诲谤颈办腻, 20.

[12]:

艢峁涐箙驳腻谤补尘补帽箩补谤墨, 19.

[13]:

Ibid., 20.

[14]:

顿补艣补谤奴辫补办补, IV. lxix. 722.

[15]:

痴腻驳产丑补峁�峁�补, 碍腻惫测腻苍耻艣腻蝉补苍补, V. 63.