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Three categories of yantras or machines as per my interpretation of the explanatory note on 驰腻苍补-尘腻迟谤颈办腻 (one of the sixty-four kinds of Arts (颁补迟耻峁ａ梗补峁ａ弓颈-办补濒腻蝉) by 驰补艣辞诲丑补谤补, the celebrated commentator of 痴腻迟蝉测腻测补苍补鈥檚 碍腻尘补-蝉奴迟谤补, have already been indicated as the 驰腻苍补-yantra, Udaka-yantra and 厂补峁単谤腻尘补 yantra. The descriptions of the yantras in the 厂补尘补谤腻峁単补峁嘺蝉奴迟谤补诲丑腻谤补 warrant us to add the further categories viz the yantras for Vinoda (amusement aud recreation) and the domestic yantras. Yantras for amusement by far exceed the number and the importance attached to them in the text.

Though there is no systematic classification given in the text, all the yantras described in it can be arranged under five categories.

1. Yantras for Amusements.
2. Domestic and Defensive Yantras.
3. Machines for Warfare.
4. Conveyance Machines鈥擳he 驰腻苍补-yantras.
5. Water Machines鈥�痴腻谤颈-yantras.

(i) Yantras for Amusements.

1. 叠丑奴尘颈办补-艢补测测腻-笔谤补蝉补谤辫补峁嘺鈥擧别谤别 five storeys could be arranged and the bed placed on the ground floor made to go up each higher floor at the end of each watch of the night.

2. Another pleasure-contrivance is the couch called 碍峁Ｄ玶腻产诲丑颈-艣ayy膩 in which the serpent-like bed goes up and down by the soft action of air, like that of the serpeants breathing.

3. 笔耻迟谤颈办腻-N膩岣嵞玴rabodhana鈥擨t is a kind of chronometre. It has a circular device in which, in a broad open vessel, there are three hundred (or thirty?) probably ivory figures (Danta [诲补苍迟腻岣�]) or tooth-like pieces lying flat all along the circumference. The whole thing is revolving. A lady like figure is in the centre. She wakes up one figure or piece for every 狈腻岣峣办腻.

4. There is yet another chronometre-like object in which there is a rider on a chariot, an elephant or any other animal. The rider on his mount goes round for a fixed time, say a 狈腻岣峣办腻 and the Chronometre strikes at the end of the 狈腻岣峣办腻.

5. Gola-产丑谤补尘补峁嘺 yantra鈥擨t is an astronomical model. There are needles showing the day and night movements of the heavenly bodies like Sun, etc.

6. A dancing doll, pouring oil in the lamp keeps on circumambulating to the beating of tune (a musical instrument).

7. An elephant-machine drinking a great quantity of water.

8. Machine-parrots dancing, singing with the best of tune (by a musical instrument).

9. Dolls, elephants and horses (mechanical), dancing, singing with the best of tune (by a musical instrument).

10. Sound producing wooden bird machines.

11. 笔补峁璦丑补, Muraja etc.鈥攕ound producing machines.

The 10th and 11th varieties of this class of Yantras call for a special notice.

A wooden bird is made to create a pleasing sound. In its h hollow body is placed a copper contrivance one inch long and one quarter inch high. It is of slender cylindrical shape in two well joined halves with a hole at the centre along which air passes when the bird moves.

The next is a bed-room accessory. The mechanism is similar to one noticed in the above except that here a drum-like piece is placed in halves. As the bird oscillates, a highly pleasing sound is created which reduces the anger of the ladies who are cross.

This is also indicative of the palace life of those days as absorbed in amorous sports with the help of these mechanical contrivances.

(ii) Domestic and Defensive Yantras.

1. Wooden men machines serving as servants.
2. Wooden women machines serving as maid servants,
3. Door-keeper machines鈥攖he palace guard with a batton, sword, iron rod, spear or other weapon to kill a thief entering at the dead of night.
4. Soldier-machine鈥攖o check the undesired fellows from having an entry into the house.
5. Lion-roaring machine to ward off a wicked elephant.

N.B.鈥擨n this category of the Yantras, comprising male and female figures designed for various kin Is of automatic service, it may be noted that each part of their figures is made and fitted separately, with holes and pins, so that thighs, eyes, neck, hands, wrists, forearms and fingers can act according to the need. The material used is ma峁冣�檡 wood, but a leather-cover is given to complete the impression of a human being. The movements are managed by the stream of holes, pins and strings attached to rods controlling each limb. Some of the acts performed by these figures are: looking into a mirror, playing a lute, stretching out hands to touch, give pan, sprinkle water and make obeisance.

(iii) Machines for Warfare:

These are only referred to and not treated in detail in the text.

1. 颁腻辫补, bows, etc.
2. 艢补迟补驳丑苍墨, etc. (hundred-killer).
3. U峁ａ弓agr墨va etc,鈥�Camel鈥檚 neck (the modern cranes?).

(iv) Conveyance Machines鈥擳he 驰腻苍补-yantras.

1. Wooden 惫颈尘腻苍补 machine. (Ambarc膩r墨-惫颈尘腻苍补).

N.B.鈥擮n this we will see more in the next section.

(v) Water Machines鈥敵漳灏���-yantras.

1. 笔腻迟补-yantra (for the purpose of watering the plants of a garden).
2. 鲍肠肠丑谤腻测补-蝉补尘辫腻迟补-yantra.
3. 笔腻迟补samochr膩ya Yantra.
4. Uchr膩ya-Yantra鈥�(The modern pipe lines fixed in a tank or well, cf. the modern borings having their proto-type in these).

It may be noted that the 厂补尘补谤腻峁単补峁嘺蝉奴迟谤补诲丑腻谤补 makes two broad classifications of 痴腻谤颈-yantras e.g. Pleasure-giving (碍谤墨岣嵞乺迟丑补) and Purposeful (碍腻谤测补-sidhyartha [=碍腻谤测补-siddhyartha?]). The second category is illustrated in the 笔腻迟补-yantra and the first in the three following (2.3. and 4). All the above four tabulated 痴腻谤颈-yantras result in the manipulation of the movement of the water. In the first, it is the downward flow from an overhead tank; in the second, release of water at a higher level from tanks placed at the equal level; in the third, is a contrivance using bored columns for letting down water from a height and then taking it up through columns placed aslant; and lastly in the fourth, water from a well or a canal on the ground is sent up by a device.

N.B.鈥擳here are yet two other Yantras falling in this category of 痴腻谤颈-yantras. The first is the Wooden-elephant drinking water placed in a vessel, any amount of it, and neither the intake nor the water taken in is perceivable. The other one is the underground conduit (referred at other places also, cf. Ch, 18 in connection with the planning of cities and palaces) and is based on the Samuchhr膩ya principle of circulation of water on the same level. Here water is brought to a tank from a distant source.

The further important types of Yantras not so far included in the above classification, though covered by the 痴腻谤颈-yantra and swing-machines are respectively the 顿丑腻谤腻驳峁沨补 and the 顿辞濒腻驳峁沨补.