Pradesha, ʰś, ʰś: 35 definitions
Introduction:
Pradesha means something in Buddhism, Pali, Hinduism, Sanskrit, Jainism, Prakrit, the history of ancient India, Marathi, Hindi. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
The Sanskrit terms ʰś and ʰś can be transliterated into English as Pradesa or Pradesha, using the IAST transliteration scheme (?).
Alternative spellings of this word include Pradesh.
Images (photo gallery)
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In Hinduism
Purana and Itihasa (epic history)
: Google Books: Cultural History from the Vyu Purnaʰś (प्रादे�): A unit of measurement of distance, according to the Vyu Purṇa (वायु पुरा�). The following table gives some idea about their relations to each other:
8 Aṅgulas = ʰś (?); 21 Aṅgulas = Ratni; 24 Aṅgulas = Hasta; 2000 Dhanus = Gavyūti; |
12 Aṅgulas = Vitasti; 2 Ratnis or 42 Aṅgulas = Kiṣku; 4 hastas = Dhanus; 8000 Dhanus = Yojana. |
ʰś (प्रदेश) refers to the “bestowing (good desires)�, according to the Śivapurṇa 2.3.51 (“The resuscitation of Kma�).—Accordingly, as the Gods eulogised Śiva: “[...] O lord, bestower of good desires (ٰ峾-ś) to your devotees, O merciful one, O bliss-formed, assuming forms through magic illusions, be victorious. Be victorious, O kind, O All-souled one, friend of the distressed, storehouse of mercy, O lord of illusion, free from aberrations, whose body is beyond the reach of speech and mind�.
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: The Purana Index1) ʰś (प्रदेश).—A measurement; ten ṅgܱ in length.*
- * Vyu-purṇa 8. 102.
2) ʰś (प्रादे�).—Eight ṅgܱ by the index finger, by the middle finger and ǰ첹ṇa by the third finger and vidasti by the little finger;1 ten angula parvas.2

The Purana (पुरा�, purṇas) refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India’s vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.
Arthashastra (politics and welfare)
: Wisdom Library: Arthaśstraʰś (प्रदेश) refers to “the place of reference� and is the name of a yukti, or ‘technical division�, according to which the contents of the Arthaśstra by Cṇakya are grouped. Cṇakya (4th-century BCE), aka Kauṭilya, was the chief minister of Chandragupta Maurya, the founder of the famous Maurya Empire.

Arthashastra (अर्थशास्त्�, arthaśstra) literature concerns itself with the teachings (shastra) of economic prosperity (artha) statecraft, politics and military tactics. The term arthashastra refers to both the name of these scientific teachings, as well as the name of a Sanskrit work included in such literature. This book was written (3rd century BCE) by by Kautilya, who flourished in the 4th century BCE.
Vyakarana (Sanskrit grammar)
: Wikisource: A dictionary of Sanskrit grammarʰś (प्रदेश).�lit. district; sphere of application, place of the application of a rule. The word is frequently used in this sense in the Kasika Vritti; cf. प्रत्ययप्रदेशा� प्रत्ययलोप� प्रत्य�-लक्षणमित्येवमादय� (pratyayapradeś� pratyayalope pratyaya-lakṣaṇamityevamdaya�) Kas. on P. III.1.1 . cf. also अनुदात्तप्रदेशाः अनुदात्त� सुप्पितौ इत्यादयः (anudttapradeś� anudttau suppitau itydaya�) Kas. on P. I. 2.30. The word प्रदेश (ś) is also used in the sense of the place of use or utility; cf. संज्ञाशास्त्रस्य तु कार्यकालपक्ष� � पृथग्वाक्यार्थबोधः कि� तु प्रदेशवाक्ये� सहैव � (saṃjñśstrasya tu kryaklapakṣe na pṛthagvkyrthabodha� ki� tu śvkyena sahaiva |) ... कार्यज्ञान� � प्रदेशदे� एव (kryajñna� ca śś eva) Par. Sek. Pari. 3.

Vyakarana (व्याकर�, vykaraṇa) refers to Sanskrit grammar and represents one of the six additional sciences (vedanga) to be studied along with the Vedas. Vyakarana concerns itself with the rules of Sanskrit grammar and linguistic analysis in order to establish the correct context of words and sentences.
Ayurveda (science of life)
Nighantu (Synonyms and Characteristics of Drugs and technical terms)
: Wisdom Library: Raj Nighantuʰś (प्रदेश) is a synonym for Deśa (“region�), according to the second chapter (ṇy徱-) of the 13th-century Raj Nighantu or Rjanighaṇṭu (an Ayurvedic encyclopedia). The Dharaṇydi-varga covers the lands [viz., ʰś], soil, mountains, jungles and vegetation’s relations between trees and plants and substances, with their various kinds.
Veterinary Medicine (The study and treatment of Animals)
: archive.org: The Elephant Lore of the Hindusʰś (प्रदेश) refers to the “places (on an elephants� body) (where must-fluid that appears)�, according to the 15th century ٲṅgī composed by Nīla첹ṇṭ in 263 Sanskrit verses, dealing with elephantology in ancient India, focusing on the science of management and treatment of elephants.—[Cf. chapter 5, “on marks of the stages of life”]: �15. In the ears, temples, and ṣaⲹ he is sticky because the wrinkles growing there are slimy with the must-fluid that appears in the ṃdԲ and other places (ś), and he comes to the best condition that is natural to him (to the prime of life) ; he becomes maddened on an instant, and is delighted for no special reason; heroic and all-overpowering, his temples always slimy with must-fluid, he is called a yaudha (‘fighter�) and has reached the fifth stage�.
Unclassified Ayurveda definitions
: gurumukhi.ru: Ayurveda glossary of termsʰś (प्रदेश):—[śḥ] Partial or brief description of a topic but not fully elaborated there, for risk of going out of context in view of vast detail and referred to other places in the text of details.

Āyurveda (आयुर्वेद, ayurveda) is a branch of Indian science dealing with medicine, herbalism, taxology, anatomy, surgery, alchemy and related topics. Traditional practice of Āyurveda in ancient India dates back to at least the first millenium BC. Literature is commonly written in Sanskrit using various poetic metres.
Shilpashastra (iconography)
: Shodhganga: The significance of the mūla-beras (ś貹)ʰś (प्रादे�) refers to the “distance between the tips of the thumb and the middle finger� and represents a type of measurement, as defined in the texts dealing with ś貹 (arts and crafs), known as ś貹śstras.—Besides the smaller units known as ṅgܱ there are other larger relative units of length, which are called ś, , vitasti and ǰ첹ṇa. The distance between the tips of the thumb and the forefinger, when they are stretched out to the utmost, is called a ś.

Shilpashastra (शिल्पशास्त्र, ś貹śstra) represents the ancient Indian science (shastra) of creative arts (shilpa) such as sculpture, iconography and painting. Closely related to Vastushastra (architecture), they often share the same literature.
Shaivism (Shaiva philosophy)
: Brill: Śaivism and the Tantric Traditionsʰś (प्रदेश) refers to a “region�, according to the Tantrasadbhva (verse 6.218): an important Trika Tantra and a major authority for Kashmiri Trika Śaivites.—Accordingly, “For those who know the Self, Prayga should be understood as located in the [cakra of the] navel, Varuṇ� [i.e. Vrṇasī] in the heart region (hṛd-ś), Kolagiri in the throat, Bhīmanda in the palate, Jayantī in the place of Bindu, Caritra in [the plexus] called Nda, and Ekmraka in [the plexus of] Śakti. The eighth, Koṭivarṣa, is likewise said to be in the Mouth of the Guru. These are the places I have declared to be present in the person internally�.

Shaiva (शै�, śaiva) or Shaivism (śaivism) represents a tradition of Hinduism worshiping Shiva as the supreme being. Closely related to Shaktism, Shaiva literature includes a range of scriptures, including Tantras, while the root of this tradition may be traced back to the ancient Vedas.
Vastushastra (architecture)
: Brill: Śaivism and the Tantric Traditions (architecture)ʰś (प्रदेश) refers to “another place�, according to the Devymata (chapter 105).—Accordingly, [while describing the construction of residence for initiates]—“A residence is recommended to the south of the temple. The residence should be built beyond the outer wall of the temple. It is to be dwelt in by initiates, their senses well-subordinated, who have come to the image. Or, in its absence, [they should dwell in] another pleasant place (ś�pradeśe sumanorame). [...]�.

Vastushastra (वास्तुशास्त्�, vstuśstra) refers to the ancient Indian science (shastra) of architecture (vastu), dealing with topics such architecture, sculpture, town-building, fort building and various other constructions. Vastu also deals with the philosophy of the architectural relation with the cosmic universe.
General definition (in Hinduism)
Source: Wisdom Library: Hinduismʰś; ancient Hindu unit of measurement of distance. 8 Aṅgulas make a single ʰś and 3 ʰśs make 1 Hasta. Thus 96000 ʰśs make up for a single Yojana.
If we consider a single Yojana to be 8 miles (~12.87km), one ʰś would correspond to roughly 5,28 inches (~13,41cm)
If we consider a single Yojana to be 5 miles (~8.04km), one ʰś would correspond to roughly 3,3 inches (~8,38cm)
In Buddhism
Mahayana (major branch of Buddhism)
: De Gruyter: A Buddhist Ritual Manual on Agricultureʰś (प्रदेश) refers to a “spot (of earth)� (suitable for performing rituals), according to the 2nd-century Meghasūtra (“Cloud Sutra�) in those passages which contain ritual instructions.—Accordingly, “He who desires a mighty rain must perform this rite ‘the great-cloud-circle� in an open space, overspread by a blue canopy, shaded by a blue banner, on a clear spot of earth (pṛthivī-ś); [being] a prophet of the Law, seated on a blue seat, fasting according to the ṣṭṅg, with well-washed limbs, clad in pure raiment, anointed with fragrant odour, wearing the three white stripes, he must recite it for a day and night continuously facing the east; [...]�.

Mahayana (महायान, mahyna) is a major branch of Buddhism focusing on the path of a Bodhisattva (spiritual aspirants/ enlightened beings). Extant literature is vast and primarely composed in the Sanskrit language. There are many ūٰ of which some of the earliest are the various Prajñpramit ūٰ.
In Jainism
Jain philosophy
: archive.org: Anekanta Jaya Pataka of Haribhadra Suriʰś (प्रदेश) refers to “space-units�, as occurring in the ԱԳٲᲹⲹ貹-첹ṇa, a Śvetmbara Jain philosophical work written by Haribhadra Sūri.—[Cf. Vol. I, P. 275, l. 10]—According to Jainism, space has ananta (infinite) śs (space-units), but none of these can get separated from space, and thus they differ from the śs of pudgala (matter).
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General definition (in Jainism)
: Atma Dharma: Principles of JainismSpatial unit; Space unit;
A spatial unit or space point (pradesha) is the space occupied by an atom (an indivisible elementary matter particle called 'parmanu').
How many spatial units are found in each substance?
The soul, ether, anti-ether and universe, each have in-numerable spatial units. The matter (pudgala dravya) has numerable, innumerable and infinite, thus all the three types of spatial units. The real time substance, i.e., kalanu and an atom i.e., pudgala parmanu both have one spatial unit.
ʰś (प्रदेश, “space-point�).—What is meant by a space-point (ś)? The space occupied by a 貹 (smallest indivisible part of matter) under normal circumstances is called space-point (ś). It is the smallest unit of measurement of space.
: Encyclopedia of Jainism: Tattvartha Sutra 8: Bondage of karmasʰś (प्रदेश) or ʰśbandha refers to the “quantity of space-points� and represents one of the four kinds of bondage (bandha) according to the 2nd-century Tattvrthasūtra chapter 8.—Accordingly, “what is meant by space-points of the bondage (ś-bandha)? The quantity of krmaṇa particles which get bonded with the soul is called space-points of bondage�.
: The University of Sydney: A study of the Twelve Reflectionsʰś (प्रदेश) refers to the “area (of the universe and the atmosphere)�, according to the 11th century Jñnrṇava, a treatise on Jain Yoga in roughly 2200 Sanskrit verses composed by Śubhacandra.—Accordingly, “Sentient beings, inflamed by very intense pleasure [and] unsteady from affliction by wrong faith, wander about in a five-fold life that is difficult to be traversed. It has been stated at length that the cycle of rebirth which is full of suffering is five-fold on account of combining substance , place [com.—place (ṣeٰ�) is the size of the area of the universe and the atmosphere (lokkśaśmtra�)], right time, life and intention�.

Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, ‘self-reliance�) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.
India history and geography
: archive.org: Personal and geographical names in the Gupta inscriptionsʰś (प्रदेश) refers to a name-ending for place-names mentioned in the Gupta inscriptions (reigned from 3rd century CE). Fleet translates ś as “place� but the term has a specific use as an administrative division. Here it connotes a division or may correspond with the word ṣaⲹ used in the same context in the Eran Stone Boar Inscription of Toramṇa. In modern usage ś signifies a province.
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Indian Epigraphical Glossaryʰś.�(IE 8-4), a province or district. Note: ś is defined in the “Indian epigraphical glossary� as it can be found on ancient inscriptions commonly written in Sanskrit, Prakrit or Dravidian languages.

The history of India traces the identification of countries, villages, towns and other regions of India, as well as mythology, zoology, royal dynasties, rulers, tribes, local festivities and traditions and regional languages. Ancient India enjoyed religious freedom and encourages the path of Dharma, a concept common to Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism.
Languages of India and abroad
Marathi-English dictionary
: DDSA: The Molesworth Marathi and English Dictionary1) pradēśa (प्रदेश).—m (S) A place, a spot, a portion of space.
2) prdēśa (प्रादे�).—m S The span of the thumb and forefinger.
: DDSA: The Aryabhusan school dictionary, Marathi-English1) pradēśa (प्रदेश).�m A place, a spot.
2) prdēśa (प्रादे�).�m The span of the thumb and fore-finger.
Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.
Sanskrit dictionary
: DDSA: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionaryʰś (प्रदेश).�
1) Pointing out, indicating.
2) A place, region, spot, country, territory, district; पितु� प्रदेशास्त� देवभूमयः (pitu� pradeśstava devabhūmaya�) Kumrasambhava 5.45; R.5.6; so कण्ठ°, तालु°, हृदय° (첹ṇṭ°, tlu°, ṛdⲹ°), &c.
3) A span measured from the tip of the thumb to that of the fore-finger.
4) Decision, determination.
5) A wall.
6) An example (in gram.).
7) (With Jainas) One of the obstacles to liberation. -a. Commanding (īśԲśī); एत� प्रदेशाः कथित� भुवनानां प्रभावना� (ete pradeś� kathit bhuvann� prabhvan�) Mahbhrata (Bombay) 12.28.1. (com. pradeś� pra徱śanti jñpayantīti).
Derivable forms: ś� (प्रदेश�).
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ʰś (प्रादे�).�
1) The span of the thumb and fore finger also a measure of 12 Aṅgulas; अङ्गुष्ठतर्जनीयुक्तं प्रादे�- मिति कीर्तितम� (aṅguṣṭhatarjanīyukta� ś- miti kīrtitam) Suprabhedgama 3.21; यस्त्वेतमेवं प्रादेशमात्र- मभिविमानमात्मानं वैश्वानरमुपास्ते (yastvetameva� śmtra- mabhivimnamtmna� vaiśvnaramupste) Ch. Up.5.18.1.
2) A spot, place, region.
Derivable forms: ś� (प्रादेशः), śm (प्रादेशम�).
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Edgerton Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dictionaryʰś (प्रदेश).�m. (compare prdeśika), according to Lévi une question particulière: (anyad api tvad vaya� bhaga- vanta� Gautama� pṛcchema kaṃcid) eva ś� saced avakśa� kuryt�Karmavibhaṅga (and Karmavibhaṅgopaś) 29.23. Perh. compare use of Pali padesa-, initial in cpds., meaning of limited extent [Page380-b+ 71] or the like; but perhaps the word has one of its Sanskrit mgs., such as example, or reference (some example or other? see 1 eva).
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Shabda-Sagara Sanskrit-English Dictionaryʰś (प्रदेश).—m.
(-ś�) 1. A place in general, a country a district, &c. 2. A foreign country, abroad. 3. A short span, measured from the tip of the thumb to the end of the fore-finger. 4. A wall. 5. Decision, determination. E. pra before, ś place.
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ʰś (प्रादे�).—m.
(-ś�) 1. The span of the thumb and fore-finger. 2. Place, country. E. pra before, 徱ś to shew, aff. ñ; whence the vowel of the prefix is optionally made long: see ś .
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Benfey Sanskrit-English Dictionaryʰś (प्रदेश).—i. e. pra-徱ś + a, m. 1. A place, [ʲñٲԳٰ] 118, 14; part, 134, 20 (ṛṣṻ-ś, from behind). 2. A country, [ʲñٲԳٰ] 159, 21. 3. A foreign country. 4. A short span, measured from the tip of the thumb to that of the forefinger.
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ʰś (प्रादे�).—i. e. ś + a, m. 1. The span of the thumb and forefinger. 2. Place.
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Cappeller Sanskrit-English Dictionaryʰś (प्रदेश).—[masculine] pointing out, direction, destination; place, spot, region; appealing to a precedent; instance, example.
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary1) ʰś (प्रदेश):—[=pra-ś] [from pra-徱ś] a m. (ifc. f(). ) pointing out, showing, indication, direction, decision, determination, [Nirukta, by Yska; ???]
2) [v.s. ...] appeal to a precedent, [Suśruta]
3) [v.s. ...] an example (in grammar, law etc.), [Ṛgveda-prtiśkhya; Mahbhrata; Yjñavalkya [Scholiast or Commentator]]
4) [v.s. ...] a spot, region, place, country, district (often in [compound] with a part of the body e.g. 첹ṇṭ-, ṛdⲹ-), [Mahbhrata; Kvya literature] etc. (n., [Pañcadaṇḍacchattra-prabandha])
5) [v.s. ...] a short while (See [compound] below)
6) [v.s. ...] a wall, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
7) [v.s. ...] a short span (measured from the tip of the thumb to that of the forefinger), [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
8) [v.s. ...] (with Jainas) one of the obstacles to liberation, [Sarvadarśana-saṃgraha] (‘atomic individuality� [Horace H. Wilson])
9) [=pra-ś] b etc. See pra-√徱�.
10) ʰś (प्रादे�):—[=pr-ś] [from pr] m. (ifc. f(). ) the span of the thumb and forefinger (also a measure = 12 Aṅgulas), [Śatapatha-brhmaṇa; Gṛhya-sūtra and śrauta-sūtra] : [Mahbhrata] etc.
11) [v.s. ...] place, country, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halyudha, hemacandra, etc.] ([varia lectio] for pra-d)
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Yates Sanskrit-English Dictionary1) ʰś (प्रदेश):—[pra-ś] (ś�) 1. m. A place, a district; a short span; a wall.
2) ʰś (प्रादे�):—[pr+ś] (ś�) 1. m. The span of the thumb and fore-finger; place.
: DDSA: Paia-sadda-mahannavo; a comprehensive Prakrit Hindi dictionary (S)ʰś (प्रदेश) in the Sanskrit language is related to the Prakrit word: Paesa.
[Sanskrit to German]
Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम� (ṃsṛt), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.
Hindi dictionary
: DDSA: A practical Hindi-English dictionary1) ʰś (प्रदेश) [Also spelled pradesh]:�(nm) a region; territory; zone; district; ~[gata] regional; —[niṣṭh] regional loyalty; ~[paraka] regional; ~[parakat] regionalism; ~[paryaṇa] regional(ist); ~[par. yaṇat] regionalism; —[bhṣ�] regional language.
2) ʰś (प्रादे�) [Also spelled pradesh]:�(nm) a mandate; -[īԲ] mandated; •[ṣeٰ] mandated territory; [prdeśtmaka] mandatory.
...
Kannada-English dictionary
: Alar: Kannada-English corpusPradēśa (ಪ್ರದೇಶ):�
1) [noun] the act or an instance of pointing out to or directing.
2) [noun] a large and indefinite part of the surface of the earth; district; region.
3) [noun] a division of the world characterised by a specific kind of plant or animal life.
4) [noun] an area; place; space.
5) [noun] a division or part of an organism, often called after its main part or organ (as udara pradēśa).
6) [noun] the distance between the tips of the thumb and the forefinger when stratched apart (used as a measure of linear distance).
7) [noun] (jain.) atomic individuality, as one of the obstacles to liberation.
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Prdēśa (ಪ್ರಾದೇ�):�
1) [noun] a unit of measure equal to the distance between the tips of the thumb and forefinger, when stretched apart.
2) [noun] an area; place; a region.
Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.
Nepali dictionary
: unoes: Nepali-English Dictionary1) ʰś (प्रदेश):—n. 1. a place; region; territory; district; 2. place; site; 3. part of the body; organ;
2) ʰś (प्रादे�):—n. the span of the thumb and forefinger;
Nepali is the primary language of the Nepalese people counting almost 20 million native speakers. The country of Nepal is situated in the Himalaya mountain range to the north of India.
See also (Relevant definitions)
Starts with (+1): Pradeshabandha, Pradeshabhaj, Pradeshaka, Pradeshakalaka, Pradeshakarin, Pradeshamatra, Pradeshana, Pradeshani, Pradeshapada, Pradesharajan, Pradeshasama, Pradeshasamharana, Pradeshasaushthava, Pradeshashastra, Pradeshastha, Pradeshatva, Pradeshavant, Pradeshavartin, Pradeshavartitva, Pradeshavat.
Full-text (+126): Yathapradesham, Pradeshakarin, Pradeshamatra, Pradeshashastra, Nitpradesha, Skandhapradesha, Pradeshasama, Pradeshapada, Pradeshastha, Ekapradesha, Kridapradesha, Pancapradesha, Pradeshabandha, Padarthapradesha, Gandapradesha, Pradeshabhaj, Pradeshavartin, Pradeshavat, Pahadi-pradesha, Shitoshna-pradesha.
Relevant text
Search found 104 books and stories containing Pradesha, Pra-ś, Pra-desa, Pr-ś, Pra-desha, ʰś, ʰś, Pradesa, Pradēśa, Prdēśa; (plurals include: Pradeshas, śs, desas, deshas, ʰśs, ʰśs, Pradesas, Pradēśas, Prdēśas). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:
Tattvartha Sutra (with commentary) (by Vijay K. Jain)
Verse 5.8 - The extent of space-points (ś) < [Chapter 5 - The Non-living Substances]
Verse 5.14 - Occupation of the forms of matter (pudgala) < [Chapter 5 - The Non-living Substances]
Verse 2.39 - Bodies having infinite-fold space-points < [Chapter 2 - Category of the Living]
Vakyapadiya of Bhartrihari (by K. A. Subramania Iyer)
Verse 2.200 < [Book 2 - Vkya-kṇḍa]
Verse 3.7.158 < [Book 3 - Pada-kṇḍa (7): Sdhana-samudś (On the Means)]
Verse 3.1.1 < [Book 3 - Pada-kṇḍa (1): Jti-samudś (On the Universal)]
Bhagavati-sutra (Viyaha-pannatti) (by K. C. Lalwani)
Part 3 - On the sky < [Chapter 10]
Part 1 - On astikyas < [Chapter 10]
Part 4 - On the touch between molecules of matter < [Chapter 7]
Jain Science and Spirituality (by Medhavi Jain)
4.6. Yoga and Karmic Bondage < [Chapter 4 - Main Theory and Practices in Jainism]
2.3. Singularity of Space < [Chapter 5 - Science in Jainism]
3.2. Practical and Transcendental Time (vyavahara kala, nishcaya kala) < [Chapter 5 - Science in Jainism]
Trishashti Shalaka Purusha Caritra (by Helen M. Johnson)
Part 18: Sermon on the Tattvas < [Chapter IV - Anantanthacaritra]
Tattva 2: Ajīva (non-soul) < [Appendix 1.4: The nine tattvas]
Tattva 8: Bandha (bondage) < [Appendix 1.4: The nine tattvas]
Yavanajataka by Sphujidhvaja [Sanskrit/English] (by Michael D Neely)
Verse 1.17 < [Chapter 1 - The Innate Nature of the Zodiac Signs and Planets]
Verse 1.18 < [Chapter 1 - The Innate Nature of the Zodiac Signs and Planets]
Verse 73.17 < [Chapter 73 - Result of the Nakṣatras and Tithis on Military Expeditions]