Dushkara, 顿耻峁补谤补, 顿耻岣补谤补, Duh-kara: 20 definitions
Introduction:
Dushkara means something in Buddhism, Pali, Hinduism, Sanskrit, Jainism, Prakrit, Marathi, Hindi. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
The Sanskrit term 顿耻峁补谤补 can be transliterated into English as Duskara or Dushkara, using the IAST transliteration scheme (?).
Alternative spellings of this word include Dushkar.
Images (photo gallery)
In Hinduism
Purana and Itihasa (epic history)
: archive.org: Shiva Purana - English Translation顿耻峁补谤补 (啶︵啶粪啶曕ぐ) (Cf. Su诲耻峁补谤补) refers to 鈥渧ery difficult鈥�, according to the 艢ivapu谤腻峁嘺 2.3.14 (鈥淭he Birth of T膩raka and Vaj谤腻峁単a鈥�).鈥擜ccordingly, after Vaj谤腻峁単a spoke to Va谤腻峁単墨: 鈥淥 sage, thus Vaj谤腻峁単a whirled a lot in a dilemma. Intelligently he considered the corresponding strength and weakness of both the alternatives. O sage, as willed by 艢iva, though intelligent the king of demons agreed to the proposal. He told his wife 鈥楽o be it鈥�. For that purpose he performed another very difficult penance [i.e., 诲耻峁补谤补鈥�taponyad诲耻峁补谤补峁�] with great zeal with me as the object of worship, for number of years. [...]鈥�.
The Purana (啶啶班ぞ啶�, pu谤腻峁嘺s) refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India鈥檚 vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.
Yoga (school of philosophy)
: ORA: Amanaska (king of all yogas): A Critical Edition and Annotated Translation by Jason Birch顿耻峁补谤补 (啶︵啶粪啶曕ぐ) refers to 鈥渢hat which causes sickness鈥�, according to the Amanaska Yoga treatise dealing with meditation, absorption, yogic powers and liberation.鈥擜ccordingly, as 莫艣vara says to V膩madeva: 鈥淸...] What is to be gained by [manipulating] the vital winds, [even when] practised for a long time? [What gained] by the hundreds of [ways] of holding the breath, which cause sickness (惫测腻诲丑颈辫谤补诲补) and are arduous, and by the many Mud谤腻s, which are painful and difficult to master? You [should] serve continually the one and only guru to obtain that [no-mind state] whose nature is innate, on the arising of which, the breath, mighty [though it is], instantly disappears by itself. [...]鈥�.
Yoga is originally considered a branch of Hindu philosophy (astika), but both ancient and modern Yoga combine the physical, mental and spiritual. Yoga teaches various physical techniques also known as 膩sanas (postures), used for various purposes (eg., meditation, contemplation, relaxation).
In Buddhism
Mahayana (major branch of Buddhism)
Source: Wisdom Library: Maha Prajnaparamita Sastra顿耻峁补谤补 (啶︵啶粪啶曕ぐ) refers to 鈥渄ifficulty鈥�, according to Mah膩praj帽膩p膩rami迟腻艣膩stra (chapter 40).鈥擜ccordingly, 鈥淸Question].鈥擳he ten powers are knowledges and the four fearlessnesses (惫补颈艣腻谤补诲测补) are also knowledges. What are the similarities and the differences? [Answer].鈥擶hen the qualities of the Buddha are explained at length, this is bala; when they explained in brief, this is 惫补颈艣腻谤补诲测补. Furthermore, when there is activity (办谤颈测腻), this is bala; when there is neither doubt (蝉补峁兣沘测补) nor difficulty (诲耻峁补谤补), this is 惫补颈艣腻谤补诲测补. When wisdom is accumulated, this is bala; when ignorance is dispersed, this is 惫补颈艣腻谤补诲测补. [...]鈥�.
Mahayana (啶す啶距く啶距え, mah膩y膩na) is a major branch of Buddhism focusing on the path of a Bodhisattva (spiritual aspirants/ enlightened beings). Extant literature is vast and primarely composed in the Sanskrit language. There are many 蝉奴迟谤补蝉 of which some of the earliest are the various Praj帽膩p膩rami迟腻 蝉奴迟谤补蝉.
Tibetan Buddhism (Vajrayana or tantric Buddhism)
: OSU Press: Cakrasamvara Samadhi顿耻峁补谤补 (啶︵啶粪啶曕ぐ) refers to 鈥渄oing wrong鈥�, according to the 骋耻谤耻-尘补峁囜笉补濒补-补谤肠补苍补 [i.e., 鈥淕uru Mandala Worship]鈥� ritual often performed in combination with the Cakrasa峁僾ara Sam膩dhi, which refers to the primary 辫奴箩腻 and 蝉腻诲丑补苍腻 practice of Newah Mah膩y膩na-Vajray膩na Buddhists in Nepal.鈥擜ccordingly, 鈥淚n the Mandala, an obscured Himalaya, abiding seated in lotus posture, [..] making many triple-dark demons, world protectors, destroying all fear, with a tiger skin garment, doing wrong (诲耻峁补谤补), overcoming wrong, firm, deep, the letters 贬奴峁�, 笔丑补峁�, or the letters H膩峁� H膩峁�, filling up the entire sky, [...] a helper for crossing over together, the dreadful wilderness of sa峁僺膩ra, routing M膩ra, 艢谤墨 Vajrasattva, homage鈥�.
Tibetan Buddhism includes schools such as Nyingma, Kadampa, Kagyu and Gelug. Their primary canon of literature is divided in two broad categories: The Kangyur, which consists of Buddha鈥檚 words, and the Tengyur, which includes commentaries from various sources. Esotericism and tantra techniques (惫补箩谤补测腻苍补) are collected indepently.
In Jainism
General definition (in Jainism)
: archive.org: Een Kritische Studie Van 厂惫补测补尘产丑奴deva鈥檚 Pa眉macariu顿耻峁补谤补 (啶︵啶粪啶曕ぐ) participated in the war between 搁腻尘补 and 搁腻惫补峁嘺, on the side of the latter, as mentioned in 厂惫补测补尘产丑奴deva鈥檚 Paumacariu (Padmacarita, Paumacariya or 搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺pu谤腻峁嘺) chapter 57ff. 厂惫补测补尘产丑奴 or 厂惫补测补尘产丑奴deva (8th or 9th century) was a Jain householder who probably lived in Karnataka. His work recounts the popular 搁腻尘补 story as known from the older work 搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺 (written by 痴腻濒尘墨办颈). Various chapters [mentioning 顿耻峁补谤补] are dedicated to the humongous battle whose armies (known as 补办峁耻丑颈峁嚹玸) consisted of millions of soldiers, horses and elephants, etc.
Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, 鈥榮elf-reliance鈥�) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.
Languages of India and abroad
Marathi-English dictionary
: DDSA: The Molesworth Marathi and English Dictionary诲耻峁补谤补 (啶︵啶粪啶曕ぐ).鈥攁 (S) Difficult of performance. 2 That works or does evil.
: DDSA: The Aryabhusan school dictionary, Marathi-English诲耻峁补谤补 (啶︵啶粪啶曕ぐ).鈥�a Difficult of performance.
Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.
Sanskrit dictionary
: DDSA: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary顿耻峁补谤补 (啶︵啶粪啶曕ぐ).鈥�a.
1) wicked, acting badly; 啶曕ぞ啶佮げ啷嵿げ啷嬥啶距啶膏啶む 啶椸ぎ啶苦し啷嵿く啶距ぎ啶� 啶曕啶む啶掂ぞ 啶曕ぐ啷嵿ぎ 啶膏啶︵啶粪啶曕ぐ啶 (k膩峁僱lok膩峁僺tu gami峁膩mi 办峁泃v膩 karma su诲耻峁补谤补m) Mah膩bh膩rata (Bombay) 12. 27.18.
2) hard to be done or accomplished, arduous, difficult; 啶掂啷嵿い啷佮 啶膏啶曕ぐ啶� 啶曕ぐ啷嵿い啷佮 啶︵啶粪啶曕ぐ啶 (vaktu峁� sukara峁� kartu峁� 诲耻峁补谤补m) 'sooner said than done'; Amaru艣ataka 46; M峁沜chaka峁璱ka 3.1.; Manusm峁泃i 7.55. (-ram) 1 a difficult or painful task or act, difficulty.
2) atmosphere, ether.
顿耻峁补谤补 is a Sanskrit compound consisting of the terms dus and kara (啶曕ぐ).
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Edgerton Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dictionary顿耻峁补谤补 (啶︵啶粪啶曕ぐ).鈥�nt. (= Pali dukkara; Sanskrit as adj.), difficult task, said of the feats of religious performance accomplished by a Bodhisattva: 掳谤腻峁噄 惭补丑腻惫补蝉迟耻 i.83.12; 95.15; 掳ra峁� 104.21; 掳ra-k膩rak膩 bodhisattv膩岣� 础峁ａ弓补蝉腻丑补蝉谤颈办腻-辫谤补箩帽腻辫腻谤补尘颈迟腻 293.9; 骋补峁囜笉补惫测奴丑补 74.10; 掳ra-k膩ri峁噊 bodhisattvasya 厂耻惫补谤峁嘺产丑腻蝉辞迟迟补尘补蝉奴迟谤补 203.9; 掳ra-cary膩 惭补丑腻惫测耻迟辫补迟迟颈 6679; Lalitavistara 36.2; 250.10 ff., or -c膩rik膩 惭补丑腻惫补蝉迟耻 ii.130.12, course of (such) difficult tasks (engaged in by Bodhisattvas).
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Shabda-Sagara Sanskrit-English Dictionary顿耻峁补谤补 (啶︵啶粪啶曕ぐ).鈥攎fn.
(-谤补岣�-谤腻-谤墨-谤补峁�) 1. Difficult to be done. 2. One who behaves ill, does wrong, &c. wicked, bad. n.
(-谤补峁�) 1. 脝then atmosphere. 2. Doing any thing with pain or difficulty. E. dur bad, and kara what does from 办峁� with karma峁噄 khal aff. du岣hena kriyate .
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Benfey Sanskrit-English Dictionary顿耻峁补谤补 (啶︵啶粪啶曕ぐ).鈥攊. e. dus-kara, adj., f. 谤腻. 1. Difficult to be performed, [惭腻苍补惫补诲丑补谤尘补艣腻蝉迟谤补] 7, 55. 2. Difficult to be supported, [搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺] 2, 32, 2. 3. Difficult, Mah膩bh膩rata 4, 52. 4. With following yadi, Scarcely, [搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺] 2, 73, 7.
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顿耻峁补谤补 (啶︵啶粪啶曕ぐ).鈥攁dj., f. 谤墨, difficult [惭腻苍补惫补诲丑补谤尘补艣腻蝉迟谤补] 7. 55; 诲耻峁补谤补峁� yadi, scarcely, [搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺] 2, 73, 7.
顿耻峁补谤补 is a Sanskrit compound consisting of the terms dus and kara (啶曕ぐ).
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Cappeller Sanskrit-English Dictionary顿耻峁补谤补 (啶︵啶粪啶曕ぐ).鈥擺adjective] difficult, arduous, uncommon, extraordinary; difficult to or to be (infin.); [neuter] hardly, scarcely ([with] yad or yadi).
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary1) 顿耻峁补谤补 (啶︵啶粪啶曕ぐ):鈥擺=诲耻峁�-办补谤补] [from du峁� > dur] mfn. hard to be done or borne, difficult, arduous, [B谤腻hma峁嘺; Manu-sm峁泃i; Mah膩bh膩rata] etc. (often with [infinitive mood]; ra峁� yad or yadi, with indic. or [Potential] and also with [infinitive mood] = hardly, scarcely, [Mah膩bh膩rata; 搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺])
2) [v.s. ...] rare, extraordinary, [Mah膩bh膩rata; Kath膩sarits膩gara]
3) [v.s. ...] doing wrong, behaving ill, wicked, bad, [Horace H. Wilson]
4) [v.s. ...] n. difficult act, difficulty, [ib.]
5) [v.s. ...] austerity, [Divy膩vad膩na 392]
6) [v.s. ...] aether, air, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasi峁僪a, hal膩yudha, hemacandra, etc.]
7) [v.s. ...] the tree of plenty, [Horace H. Wilson]
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Yates Sanskrit-English Dictionary顿耻峁补谤补 (啶︵啶粪啶曕ぐ):鈥擺诲耻-峁补谤补] (ra岣�-谤腻-谤补峁�) a. Hard to be done. n. 脝ther; sky; tree of abundance; doing evil.
: DDSA: Paia-sadda-mahannavo; a comprehensive Prakrit Hindi dictionary (S)顿耻峁补谤补 (啶︵啶粪啶曕ぐ) in the Sanskrit language is related to the Prakrit words: Duara, Dukkara.
[Sanskrit to German]
Sanskrit, also spelled 啶膏啶膏啶曕啶むぎ啷� (sa峁僺办峁泃am), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.
Hindi dictionary
: DDSA: A practical Hindi-English dictionary顿耻峁补谤补 (啶︵啶粪啶曕ぐ) [Also spelled dushkar]:鈥�(a) difficult, hard, arduous; hence ~[迟腻] (nf).
...
Kannada-English dictionary
: Alar: Kannada-English corpus顿耻峁补谤补 (嗖︵硜嗖粪硩嗖曕舶):鈥�
1) [adjective] difficult to perform, understand, etc.
2) [adjective] inflicting distress, pain, etc.; harmful; cruel.
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顿耻峁补谤补 (嗖︵硜嗖粪硩嗖曕舶):鈥�
1) [noun] the quality or fact of being difficult; difficulty.
2) [noun] the evil quality or intention.
3) [noun] (rhet.) the quality of being complex, complicated, intricate, etc., which is considered as one of the major fallacies in a literary work.
4) [noun] such a literary work.
Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.
Nepali dictionary
: unoes: Nepali-English Dictionary顿耻峁补谤补 (啶︵啶粪啶曕ぐ):鈥攁dj. (any work) troublesome; burdensome; arduous; difficult to be accomplished; n. burdensome or troublesome work;
Nepali is the primary language of the Nepalese people counting almost 20 million native speakers. The country of Nepal is situated in the Himalaya mountain range to the north of India.
See also (Relevant definitions)
Starts with: Dushkaracarya, Dushkaraka, Dushkarakarana, Dushkarakarin, Dushkarakarita, Dushkarakarman, Dushkarana, Dushkarasadhana, Dushkaroddhara, Tushkaram.
Full-text (+28): Sudushkara, Atidushkara, Dushkaracarya, Dushkarasadhana, Dushkarakarman, Dushkarakarin, Dushkarakarana, Dushkaroddhara, Tushkaram, Dushkar, Dushkarakarita, Aushadhikar, Dur, Kayaduccaritacetana, Tukkaram, Sahasradha, Dukkara, Pravivekya, Duara, Mauneya.
Relevant text
Search found 42 books and stories containing Dushkara, 顿耻峁补谤补, Duh-kara, Dush-kara, Du峁�-kara, Du岣�-kara, Duskara, 顿耻岣补谤补, Dus-kara, Duh-kara; (plurals include: Dushkaras, 顿耻峁补谤补s, karas, Duskaras, 顿耻岣补谤补s). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:
Garga Samhita (English) (by Danavir Goswami)
Verse 5.21.37 < [Chapter 21 - The Story of 艢谤墨 N膩rada]
Brihad Bhagavatamrita (commentary) (by 艢谤墨 艢谤墨mad Bhaktived膩nta N膩谤腻yana Gosv膩m墨 Mah膩谤腻ja)
Verse 2.2.106 < [Chapter 2 - J帽膩na (knowledge)]
Verse 1.7.115 < [Chapter 7 - P奴r峁嘺 (pinnacle of excellent devotees)]
Manusmriti with the Commentary of Medhatithi (by Ganganatha Jha)
Verse 2.84 < [Section XVII - Rules of Study]
Verse 7.55 < [Section IV - Duties of the King]
Verse 11.238 < [Section XXXI - Austerity (tapas): its Value]
Shiva Gita (study and summary) (by K. V. Anantharaman)
Sanskrit Words In Southeast Asian Languages (by Satya Vrat Shastri)
Page 85 < [Sanskrit words in the Southeast Asian Languages]