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Significance of South

In various philosophical and cultural contexts, the South direction holds significant meanings. In Jainism, it includes named countries, while in Vaishnavism, it indicates the location of events related to Pushpavati. Puranic texts associate the South with specific spiritual shrines and the residence of Yoginis. Jyotisha highlights its association with suffering for wicked individuals, while Vedanta acknowledges it as one of the four directions of Brahman. Historically, South is tied to the concept of mandalas and is significant in the cosmography of Siddhantas.1
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Synonyms: Southern, Down, Below, Southward

In Spanish: Shur; In Dutch: Zuiden; In Finnish: 贰迟别濒盲; In German: 厂眉诲别苍

The below excerpts are indicatory and do represent direct quotations or translations. It is your responsibility to fact check each reference.

Hindu concept of 'South'

Hinduism Books

In Hinduism, the South is a cardinal direction with spiritual significance, associated with rituals, locations of shrines, and divine entities like Vishnu. It also signifies suffering for wicked individuals and is part of Brahman's essence.

Significance in Vaishnavism (Vaishava dharma):
Vaishnavism Books

From: Garga Samhita (English)

(1) The directional reference indicating the location where the event occurred in relation to Pushpavati.[1]

From: Chaitanya Bhagavata

(1) A cardinal direction indicating the area or region that lies to the south of the current location.[2]

Vaishnava or vaishnavism (vaishnavism) represents a tradition of Hinduism worshipping Vishnu as the supreme Lord. Similar to the Shaktism and Shaivism traditions, Vaishnavism also developed as an individual movement, famous for its exposition of the dashavatara (鈥榯en avatars of Vishnu鈥�).

Significance in Jyotisha (astronomy and astrology):
Jyotisha Books

From: Brihat Samhita

(1) The direction where wicked men, Vaishyas, and messengers will suffer due to the appearance of Digdaha.[3]

Jyotisha (啶溹啶啶むた啶�, jyotisha or jyotish) refers to 鈥榓stronomy鈥� or 鈥淰edic astrology鈥� and represents the fifth of the six Vedangas (additional sciences to be studied along with the Vedas). Jyotisha concerns itself with the study and prediction of the movements of celestial bodies, in order to calculate the auspicious time for rituals and ceremonies.

Significance in Dharmashastra (religious law):
Dharmashastra Books

From: Bharadvaja-srauta-sutra

(1) The direction towards which the sacrificer should face when invoking Vishnu as the abode.[4]

Dharmashastra contains the instructions (shastra) regarding religious conduct of livelihood (dharma), ceremonies, jurisprudence (study of law) and more. It is categorized as smriti, an important and authoritative selection of books dealing with the Hindu lifestyle.

Significance in Purana and Itihasa (epic history):
Purana Books

From: Garuda Purana

(1) A cardinal direction that denotes a specific spiritual significance in rituals.[5]

The Purana refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India鈥檚 vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.

Significance in Vedanta (school of philosophy):
Vedanta Books

From: Chandogya Upanishad (english Translation)

(1) One of the four directions representing yet another part of Brahman.[6]

Vedanta refers to a school of orthodox Hindu philosophy (astika), drawing its subject-matter from the Upanishads. There are a number of sub-schools of Vedanta, however all of them expound on the basic teaching of the ultimate reality (brahman) and liberation (moksha) of the individual soul (atman).

Jain concept of 'South'

Jainism Books

In Jainism, South signifies a cardinal direction that encompasses various significant regions, including named countries like Banamukta and Vaidarbha, each contributing to the cultural and geographical understanding within the faith.

Significance in Jainism (general):

From: Trishashti Shalaka Purusha Caritra

(1) Another cardinal direction containing several named countries such as Banamukta, Vaidarbha, and others.[7]

Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, 鈥榮elf-reliance鈥�) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.

The concept of South in local and regional sources

History Books

The keyphrase "South" signifies a vital direction in Meru's cosmography, representing Bharatavarsha in Jambudvipa. It embodies life empowerment and enlightenment, connecting to deeper spiritual meanings within the mandala's structural significance.

Significance in India history and geography:

From: The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda

(1) The side of the Math where a plot of land will be the centre of learning.[8] (2) This is the direction that the author plans to travel towards after leaving Calcutta, as stated in the letter.[9] (3) This refers to the geographical area, highlighting the injustices, and criticizing the social injustices that occur.[10]

From: History of Science in South Asia

(1) The South is a direction associated with the mandala, and the one in the South accomplished the life empowerment of activities illuminating the meaning of eternity.[11] (2) This is the only direction at Meru, according to the cosmography of the Siddhantas, and Bharatavarsha is considered the southern part of Jambudvipa.[12]

From: Bede's Ecclesiastical History of England

(1) This is one of the directions where the three altars are located in the middle wall of the round church.[13]