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Significance of Rubbing

The concept of rubbing varies across different texts. In Arthashastra, it involves using a specific material to evaluate the authenticity of metals like gold or silver. Vedanta discusses rubbing as a method to remove foreign smells to reveal Agaru's fragrance and signifies the syllable 'Him' in fire rituals. Dharmashastra describes rubbing as the application of pressure and movement on the body, linked to various prohibited services. Each perspective highlights distinct meanings and applications of rubbing in their respective contexts.1
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Synonyms: Abrasion, Massage, Polishing, Cleaning, Massaging, Scraping

The below excerpts are indicatory and do represent direct quotations or translations. It is your responsibility to fact check each reference.

Hindu concept of 'Rubbing'

Hinduism Books

In Hinduism, "Rubbing" encompasses the application of pressure on the body, authenticity testing of metals, purification of scents like Agaru, and symbolizes the initial step in fire rituals through the syllable 鈥楬im鈥�.

Significance in Vedanta (school of philosophy):
Vedanta Books

From: Chandogya Upanishad (Shankara Bhashya)

(1) The Rubbing is the syllable 鈥楬im鈥�; it is the first step in the process of rituals.[1]

From: Vivekachudamani

(1) The action taken to eliminate the foreign smell, allowing the Agaru's odour to manifest.[2]

Vedanta refers to a school of orthodox Hindu philosophy (astika), drawing its subject-matter from the Upanishads. There are a number of sub-schools of Vedanta, however all of them expound on the basic teaching of the ultimate reality (brahman) and liberation (moksha) of the individual soul (atman).

Significance in Arthashastra (politics and welfare):
Arthashastra Books

From: Kautilya Arthashastra

(1) Using a specific material to assess the metal's authenticity by inducing visual changes indicative of gold or silver.[3]

Arthashastra literature concerns itself with the teachings (shastra) of economic prosperity (artha) statecraft, politics and military tactics. The term arthashastra refers to both the name of these scientific teachings, as well as the name of a Sanskrit work included in such literature. This book was written (3rd century BCE) by by Kautilya, who flourished in the 4th century BCE.

Significance in Dharmashastra (religious law):
Dharmashastra Books

From: Manusmriti with the Commentary of Medhatithi

(1) A general action of applying pressure and movement on the body, associated with various prohibited services.[4]

Dharmashastra contains the instructions (shastra) regarding religious conduct of livelihood (dharma), ceremonies, jurisprudence (study of law) and more. It is categorized as smriti, an important and authoritative selection of books dealing with the Hindu lifestyle.

The concept of Rubbing in local and regional sources

History Books

Rubbing, as mentioned in the text, describes a treatment method performed on Mrs. Hiller and others, highlighting its significance in therapeutic applications within the context provided by regional sources.

Significance in India history and geography:

From: The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda

(1) The rubbings is a treatment that was done to Mrs. Hiller and others, as stated in the provided text.[5]