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Significance of Pataliputra

Pataliputra is an ancient city with significant historical relevance across various traditions, including Buddhism, Jainism, and Indian history. It served as the capital of the Mauryan Empire and was pivotal for Buddhist councils, text dissemination, and Jaina sacred texts. Known as modern-day Patna, Pataliputra played a central role in narratives, particularly in relation to key figures and events in early Indian history. The city's importance is also noted in various literary and cultural contexts, reflecting its rich legacy.1
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In Dutch: Pataliputra; In German: Pataliputra; In Finnish: Pataliputra; In Spanish: Pataliputra; In Swedish: Pataliputra; In Malay: Pataliputra; In French: Pataliputra

The below excerpts are indicatory and do represent direct quotations or translations. It is your responsibility to fact check each reference.

Buddhist concept of 'Pataliputra'

Buddhism Books

Pataliputra, now Patna, is a historically significant Buddhist city known for the Third and Second Councils, Aryadeva and Nagarjuna's meeting, and the dissemination of texts, playing a crucial role in Buddhism's development and history.

Significance in Mahayana (major branch of Buddhism):
Mahayana Books

From: Maha Prajnaparamita Sastra

(1) The ancient city noted as the capital of Magadha and a significant site for the meeting of Aryadeva and Nagarjuna.[1] (2) The ancient city that is presently known as Patna, located where the Gandak and Sone rivers flow into the Ganges.[2] (3) The city where the second Buddhist Council was held, significant in Buddhist history for various councils.[3]

Mahayana is a major branch of Buddhism focusing on the path of a Bodhisattva (spiritual aspirants/ enlightened beings). Extant literature is vast and primarely composed in the Sanskrit language. There are many sutras of which some of the earliest are the various Prajnaparamita sutras.

Significance in Buddhism (general):

From: The Fo-Sho-Hing-Tsan-King (A Life of Buddha)

(1) An ancient city where a council was held, which was later put out of sight in discussions of Theravadi traditions.[4] (2) Historical city significant in the narrative for its involvement in the copying and dissemination of Buddhist texts and doctrines.[5]

Hindu concept of 'Pataliputra'

Hinduism Books

Pataliputra, in Hinduism, signifies the capital of the Mauryan Empire, symbolizing royal authority, urban sophistication, and a hub for various narrative tales involving characters like Vira, Vikramaditya, and Devadatta, reflecting its cultural significance.

Significance in Kavya (poetry):
Kavya Books

From: Kathasaritsagara (the Ocean of Story)

(1) The city where Devadatta seeks learning and encounters various challenges in his educational pursuits.[6] (2) A famous city where the story of King Vikramakesharin and his parrot takes place.[7] (3) The city known for hosting significant characters like Dharmagupta and Somaprabha.[8] (4) The capital city of Vikramaditya, serving as the narrative's initial setting and representing his royal authority.[9] (5) The city where the pander-nurse Pandita seeks refuge, illustrating the social dynamics and movement of characters within the tale.[10]

Kavya refers to Sanskrit poetry, a popular ancient Indian tradition of literature. There have been many Sanskrit poets over the ages, hailing from ancient India and beyond. This topic includes mahakavya, or 鈥榚pic poetry鈥� and natya, or 鈥榙ramatic poetry鈥�.

Significance in Purana and Itihasa (epic history):
Purana Books

From: Garuda Purana

(1) The city where the main character, Vira, lived.[11]

From: Bhagavad-gita-mahatmya

(1) The name of a large town where the main character, Shankukarna, lived and engaged in business while accumulating wealth.[12]

The Purana refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India鈥檚 vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.

Significance in Vastushastra (architecture):
Vastushastra Books

From: Vastu-shastra (Introduction to Indian architecture)

(1) An example of an ancient city that originated from the aggregation of several villages.[13] (2) The capital city of the Mauryan Empire, recognized for its sophisticated urban design and structures.[14]

Vastushastra refers to the ancient Indian science (shastra) of architecture (vastu), dealing with topics such architecture, sculpture, town-building, fort building and various other constructions. Vastu also deals with the philosophy of the architectural relation with the cosmic universe.

Significance in Ayurveda (science of life):
Ayurveda Books

From: History of Indian Medicine (and Ayurveda)

(1) An ancient city in India known for its charitable dispensaries, indicating a developed medical care system.[15]

Ayurveda is a branch of Indian science dealing with medicine, herbalism, taxology, anatomy, surgery, alchemy and related topics. Traditional practice of Ayurveda in ancient India dates back to at least the first millenium BC. Literature is commonly written in Sanskrit using various poetic metres.

Significance in Vyakarana (Sanskrit grammar):
Vyakarana Books

From: Vakyapadiya of Bhartrihari

(1) Another location referenced in the act of studying, indicating a distinct yet comparable setting to Mathura.[16]

Vyakarana refers to Sanskrit grammar and represents one of the six additional sciences (vedanga) to be studied along with the Vedas. Vyakarana concerns itself with the rules of Sanskrit grammar and linguistic analysis in order to establish the correct context of words and sentences.

Jain concept of 'Pataliputra'

Jainism Books

In Jainism, Pataliputra symbolizes both a site of prophetic significance, where a three-named king is expected to emerge, and an important historical city associated with the compilation of Jaina sacred texts.

Significance in Jainism (general):

From: Trishashti Shalaka Purusha Caritra

(1) The city where the three-named king is prophesied to arise.[17]

From: Acaranga-sutra

(1) An ancient city significant in early Indian history, noted in the context of the assembly of Jaina sacred texts.[18]

Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, 鈥榮elf-reliance鈥�) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.

The concept of Pataliputra in local and regional sources

History Books

Pataliputra, an ancient city often linked to modern Patna, Bihar, is recognized as the original home of migrating brahmanas and signifies an evolving historical identity over time.

Significance in India history and geography:

From: Triveni Journal

(1) The capital city of Asoka during his reign, where various proclamations and Dhamma practices are emphasized.[19] (2) Considered the capital of the Gupta empire during Chandragupta II's reign, noted for its prosperity and cultural significance.[20]

From: History of Science in South Asia

(1) Pataliputra was the capital of King Ashoka and a center of Buddhist learning, visited by Faxian. The city had two large monasteries and facilities for welfare and medical care, as described in Faxian's travelogue.[21]

Significance in South Asia:
South Asia Books

From: Buddhist records of the Western world (Xuanzang)

(1) The name given to the city during a later historical period, marking its significance and transformation.[22]

From: The travels of Fa-Hian (400 A.D.)

(1) A major city referenced as a destination in Fa-Hian's journey along the Ganges.[23]