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Significance of Makara

The keyphrase "Makara" encompasses various interpretations across different texts. In Shilpashastra, it represents sea-animals and lion-like postures. Arthashastra describes Makara as a crocodile formation and also types of fish arrays. Natyashastra associates it with Ardha-candra hands symbolizing prosperity, linked to the deity Mahendra. In Yoga, Makara is a mythical crocodilian creature connected to the Varuna-Bija. Lastly, Ayurveda depicts it as an amphibious hybrid, embodying both horror and majesty, highlighting its multifaceted significance.1
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Synonyms: Crocodile, Alligator, Mythical creature, Sea monster, Water monster

The below excerpts are indicatory and do represent direct quotations or translations. It is your responsibility to fact check each reference.

Hindu concept of 'Makara'

Hinduism Books

Makara in Hinduism symbolizes a powerful amphibious hybrid, often depicted as a crocodile or sea monster, associated with deities, prosperity, and unique formations in sacred geometry, embodying both terrifying and majestic qualities.

Significance in Yoga (school of philosophy):
Yoga Books

From: Shat-cakra-nirupana (the six bodily centres)

(1) A reference to the essence or root of spiritual practice that involves the unification of energies in meditation.[1] (2) The carrier of Varuna on which the Bija is seated, and which is depicted with a noose in its hand.[2] (3) Ma-kara is described as shining in its form of Bindu, situated above the half Moon in the Cakra.[3] (4) A mythical creature, often depicted as a crocodile or sea monster, upon which the Varuna-Bija 'Vam' is seated.[4]

Yoga is originally considered a branch of Hindu philosophy (astika), but both ancient and modern Yoga combine the physical, mental and spiritual. Yoga teaches various physical techniques also known as asanas (postures), used for various purposes (eg., meditation, contemplation, relaxation).

Significance in Natyashastra (theatrics and dramaturgy):
Natyashastra Books

From: Abhinaya-darpana (English)

(1) Ardha-candra hands enclosing each other, associated with various meanings including prosperity and solidity, with Mahendra as the patron deity.[5]

Natyashastra refers to both the ancient Indian tradition (shastra) of performing arts, (natya鈥攖heatrics, drama, dance, music), as well as the name of a Sanskrit work dealing with these subjects. It also teaches the rules for composing Dramatic plays (nataka), construction and performance of Theater, and Poetic works (kavya).

The concept of Makara in local and regional sources

History Books

Makara, meaning Capricorn, is significant in astrology as it relates to determining the accurate positions of planets. The text emphasizes its importance in understanding celestial alignments associated with this zodiac sign.

Significance in India history and geography:

From: History of Science in South Asia

(1) This refers to the zodiac sign of Capricorn, which is used within the provided tables and is part of the calculations.[6] (2) Capricorn, and the verses describe the process of getting the true position of planets in Makara (Capricorn).[7]