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Significance of Intercalary month

The Intercalary month, in Hinduism, refers to an additional month added to calendars to ensure alignment with lunar and solar cycles. Recognized across various texts like the Arthashastra and Puranas, it serves to correct timing discrepancies and facilitate accurate seasonal or ritual observance. This thirteenth month plays a crucial role in aligning calendars, particularly in relation to the solar year, and involves certain religious practices. Its significance extends to historical contexts within Indian astronomy, emphasizing the integration of lunar and solar calculations.

Synonyms: Intercalated month

The below excerpts are indicatory and do represent direct quotations or translations. It is your responsibility to fact check each reference.

Hindu concept of 'Intercalary month'

Hinduism Books

The Intercalary month in Hinduism is an additional month added to lunar calendars to correct discrepancies with solar cycles and seasons, facilitating alignment with seasonal observances and enhancing spiritual practices and energy.

Significance in Arthashastra (politics and welfare):
Arthashastra Books

From: Kautilya Arthashastra

(1) An additional month introduced in a lunar calendar to align with seasonal cycles.[1] (2) An additional month introduced periodically to align calendars or correct timing discrepancies.[2]

Arthashastra literature concerns itself with the teachings (shastra) of economic prosperity (artha) statecraft, politics and military tactics. The term arthashastra refers to both the name of these scientific teachings, as well as the name of a Sanskrit work included in such literature. This book was written (3rd century BCE) by by Kautilya, who flourished in the 4th century BCE.

Significance in Hinduism (general):

From: Satapatha-brahmana

(1) An additional month that is incorporated to align the calendar cycle, associated with spiritual energy and its acquisition.[3] (2) The thirteenth month added to a year that serves as an exception or addition, analogous to an excrescence in the ritual.[4]

Significance in Jyotisha (astronomy and astrology):
Jyotisha Books

From: Hayanaratna: The Jewel of Annual Astrology

(1) A month added to the calendar in certain years, which can cause the sun to return to its natal position twice within a single lunisolar year, impacting the calculation of elapsed years.[5]

Jyotisha (啶溹啶啶むた啶�, jyotisha or jyotish) refers to 鈥榓stronomy鈥� or 鈥淰edic astrology鈥� and represents the fifth of the six Vedangas (additional sciences to be studied along with the Vedas). Jyotisha concerns itself with the study and prediction of the movements of celestial bodies, in order to calculate the auspicious time for rituals and ceremonies.

The concept of Intercalary month in local and regional sources

History Books

Intercalary month is an essential concept in calendar systems, serving to align lunar and solar years by adding extra months. It is significant in the context of Mesopotamian and Indian astronomy, particularly within the Yavanajataka's calculations.

Significance in India history and geography:

From: History of Science in South Asia

(1) These are extra months that are added to the lunar calendar, and the number of these is added to the solar months to convert them to lunar months.[6] (2) The intercalary month is added to the calendar to eliminate the difference between the lunar year and the solar year, as explained within the text.[7] (3) These are added to 13 lunar years and calculated according to the 5-year yuga system, demonstrating adjustments in the calendar.[8] (4) This is an extra month added to a calendar to keep it in sync with the solar year, which is discussed in relation to both Mesopotamian and Indian astronomy.[9] (5) This is a unit of time that is relevant to calculations in the Yavanajataka, and its relationship to solar months and synodic months is discussed.[10]